Posterior Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome

A condition that is characterized by HEADACHE; SEIZURES; and visual loss with edema in the posterior aspects of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, such as the BRAIN STEM. Generally, lesions involve the white matter (nerve fibers) but occasionally the grey matter (nerve cell bodies).

Also Known As:

Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome; Reversible Posterior Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome; Leukoencephalopathy Syndromes, Posterior; Syndrome, Posterior Leukoencephalopathy; Syndromes, Posterior Leukoencephalopathy; Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome, Posterior

Networked: 816 relevant articles (14 outcomes, 15 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Nervous System Diseases: 14178
- Central Nervous System Diseases: 4213
  - Brain Diseases: 15694
    - Intracranial Hypertension: 2425
      - Hypertensive Encephalopathy: 187
        Posterior Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome: 816
    - Leukoencephalopathies: 1557
      - Posterior Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome: 816

Related Diseases

1.	Neoplasms (Cancer)
2.	Epilepsy (Aura)
3.	Eclampsia
4.	Brain Diseases (Brain Disorder)
5.	Stroke (Strokes)

Experts

1.	Rabinstein, Alejandro A: 4 articles (01/2020 - 07/2010)
2.	Striano, Pasquale: 4 articles (09/2019 - 11/2005)
3.	Bartynski, W S: 4 articles (08/2012 - 03/2008)
4.	Wijdicks, Eelco F M: 3 articles (01/2020 - 04/2009)
5.	Gao, B: 3 articles (10/2015 - 09/2012)
6.	Fitzgerald, Ryan T: 3 articles (01/2015 - 01/2013)
7.	Servillo, G: 3 articles (05/2014 - 05/2012)
8.	Vargas, M: 3 articles (05/2014 - 05/2012)
9.	Boardman, J F: 3 articles (08/2012 - 03/2008)
10.	Servillo, Giuseppe: 3 articles (01/2008 - 11/2005)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Posterior Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome:

1.	Antihypertensive Agents (Antihypertensives)IBA 10/01/2022 - "Among them, central-variant posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome is rare but important because neurological prognosis may be favorable, and specific treatment, such as administration of antihypertensive drugs or discontinuation of drugs that induce posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, is possible." 01/01/2018 - "She was diagnosed with posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) as a consequence of poor adherence to anti-hypertensive, anti-diabetic and anti-retroviral medications. " 11/01/2021 - "The patient's blood pressure was high despite antihypertensive therapy, and he developed posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES). " 12/23/2015 - "Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) after bariatric surgery--a potential consequence associated with rapid withdrawal of antihypertensive medications." 05/01/2010 - "[Case of reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome after discontinuation of antihypertensive therapy]."
2.	SteroidsIBA 01/01/2018 - "This could possibly reflect asymmetric variant of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome that resolved with remission on steroids." 11/01/2021 - "Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome after caudal epidural steroid ınjection: A case report." 05/01/2019 - "Positive Effect of Steroids in Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome." 04/01/2010 - "Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome as a consequence of high dose steroid administration after autologous PBSCT." 04/15/2020 - "The MRI abnormalities responded well to steroid pulse therapy, so we made a diagnosis of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES). "
3.	Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan)FDA LinkGeneric 12/18/2014 - "This case report highlights the need for awareness and early recognition of this rare but serious adverse effect of cyclophosphamide that occurred in the absence of other known risk factors of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome and that early appropriate intervention leads to a good outcome." 12/01/2017 - "The multifactorial origin of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in cyclophosphamide-treated lupus patients." 12/18/2014 - "Cyclophosphamide-induced posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES): a case report." 01/01/2009 - "Cyclophosphamide-induced reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome." 01/01/2023 - "A Rare Case of Cyclophosphamide-Induced Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome in a Patient With Acute Lupus Nephritis Flare."
4.	Levetiracetam (Keppra)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2020 - "In this study, 90% of patients with posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome became seizure free with levetiracetam treatment. " 01/01/2020 - "Our aim was to investigate the efficacy and tolerability of levetiracetam in pediatric transplant recipients with posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome and epilepsy. " 01/01/2020 - "Our findings suggest that levetiracetam has a favorable efficacy for epilepsy due to posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in pediatric liver transplant recipients with tolerable adverse effects." 01/01/2020 - "Efficacy of Levetiracetam for Epilepsy in Pediatric Liver Transplant Recipients With Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome." 01/01/2020 - "One patient who had an underlying neurodegenerative disease (hemophagocytic syndrome) other than posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome continued to have seizures under levetiracetam treatment. "
5.	Rituximab (Mabthera)FDA Link 01/01/2019 - "Rituximab-associated posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome." 01/01/2011 - "Rituximab as a possible cause of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome." 05/01/2010 - "Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome after rituximab." 05/12/2022 - "Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome after first rituximab transfusion for treatment of granulomatosis with polyangiitis." 03/01/2015 - "A unique case of rituximab-related posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in a heart transplant recipient with posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder."
6.	N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors (NMDA Receptors)IBA 11/01/2017 - "The various causes detected after initial evaluation for acute symptomatic SE were eclampsia (n=4), posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome due to various causes other than eclampsia (n=6), cortical venous thrombosis (n=3), subarachnoid hemorrhage (n=1), and NMDA receptor antibody-mediated encephalitis (n=1).13 of 17 women with SE (76%) had good outcome. " 11/07/2023 - "Neuroradiology findings of 114 children from 50 case reports included splenial or acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM)-like lesions, cytotoxic brain edema, autoimmune demyelinating diseases, ischemic stroke and arteritis, venous thrombosis, intracranial hemorrhage, meningitis, posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor autoimmune encephalitis, acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis, hydrocephalus, olfactory bulb atrophy, cerebellitis, and acute necrotizing encephalitis. " 11/01/2018 - "The various causes of refractory SE were eclampsia (N = 2), posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) due to various causes other than eclampsia (N = 3), cortical venous thrombosis (CVT) [N = 3], subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) [N = 1], and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antibody-mediated encephalitis (N = 1). "
7.	Magnesium Sulfate (Sulfate, Magnesium)FDA LinkGeneric 03/01/2018 - "Magnesium Sulfate Treatment Correlates With Improved Neurological Function in Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES): Report of a Case." 08/01/2012 - "To evaluate and compare the effectiveness of magnesium sulfate (MgSO(4)) and mannitol in the treatment of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) in eclamptic women. " 08/01/2012 - "Comparison of magnesium sulfate and mannitol in treatment of eclamptic women with posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome."
8.	Lactic Acid (Lactate)FDA LinkGeneric 06/01/2015 - "Good outcome after posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) despite elevated cerebral lactate: a case report."
9.	Excitatory Amino AcidsIBA 10/01/2009 - "Important among these developments are: the epidemiological studies, which have provided estimates of incidence and prevalence; identification of mutations in the aquaporin-4 gene; improved understanding of the effects of anti-aquaporin-4 antibody on astrocytes; roles of excitatory amino acid transporter type 2 and glutamate; requirement of aquaporin-4 to be in orthogonal arrays to be antigenic; recognition of the presence of aquaporin-4 antibody in patients with cancer and posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome; possibility of monitoring the disease using the antibody, and the effectiveness of rituximab and mycophenolate in preventing relapses."
10.	Glutamic Acid (Glutamate)FDA Link 10/01/2009 - "Important among these developments are: the epidemiological studies, which have provided estimates of incidence and prevalence; identification of mutations in the aquaporin-4 gene; improved understanding of the effects of anti-aquaporin-4 antibody on astrocytes; roles of excitatory amino acid transporter type 2 and glutamate; requirement of aquaporin-4 to be in orthogonal arrays to be antigenic; recognition of the presence of aquaporin-4 antibody in patients with cancer and posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome; possibility of monitoring the disease using the antibody, and the effectiveness of rituximab and mycophenolate in preventing relapses."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 11/01/2023 - "Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a rare, reversible neurological disease that is frequently associated with the use of targeted therapy agents. " 07/01/2021 - "We report here the case of a patient who presented with a posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) during treatment with this new targeted therapy. " 01/01/2020 - "The detailed mechanism of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome is not known, and the current therapy is only supportive care. " 01/01/2019 - "Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption as a Potential Target for Therapy in Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome: Evidence From Multimodal MRI in Rats." 01/01/2018 - "In rare cases, it can be associated with posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES), secondary to prolonged vasopressor and hypertensive therapies. "
2.	Liver Transplantation 01/01/2023 - "Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) in post liver transplantation." 02/01/2022 - "An Unusual Presentation of Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome Following Liver Transplantation." 01/01/2019 - "Recurrent posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in an HIV-HCV coinfected liver transplant recipient." 01/01/2019 - "Hepatitis C virus-induced glomerular disease and posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome after liver transplant: Case report and literature review." 12/01/2014 - "In this report, we describe a case of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in a female patient after deceased donor liver transplantation. "
3.	Renal Dialysis (Hemodialysis) 12/01/2016 - "Delayed onset of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in a case of scleroderma renal crisis with maintenance hemodialysis: Case report and literature review." 04/16/2021 - "Extensive Brainstem Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome in a Hemodialysis Non-Adherent Patient." 10/01/2019 - "Atypical posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in a noncompliant hemodialysis patient: Case report and literature review." 07/01/2018 - "Clinical Profile and Outcome of Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome in Hemodialysis Patients." 01/01/2016 - "Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome: A recurrent and atypical case in hemodialysis."
4.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 04/12/2021 - "Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in a patient with Richter's syndrome on combination DA-R-EPOCH chemotherapy regimen: a case report." 02/01/2021 - "We diagnosed her with posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome caused by chemotherapy containing S-1." 12/01/2020 - "Letter to the Editor: Management of Psychiatric Manifestations in a Case of Pediatric Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome Due to Chemotherapy." 01/01/2020 - "Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a rare disorder with multiple causes but potentially caused by chemotherapy. " 05/01/2019 - "Chemotherapy-induced posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: Three case reports."
5.	Transplantation 01/01/2021 - "The patient was weaned from ECMO at 3 days after transplantation, but the patient's state of consciousness deteriorated, and head CT was considered for posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES). " 01/01/2018 - "Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a rare complication occurring after transplantation surgery, in persons having an autoimmune disorder or after abrupt increases in blood pressure of various etiologies. " 12/01/2016 - "Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome After Transplantation: a Review." 01/01/2014 - "Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome has been reported in association with renal disease, transplantation, autoimmunity, and cytotoxic medications. " 05/01/2013 - "Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome is a recently described cliniconeuroradiological syndrome reported in children with several predisposing conditions such as transplantation, autoimmune, hematological, infectious, renal, and neoplastic diseases or administration of chemotherapeutic immunosuppressive drugs. "