Female Athlete Triad Syndrome

A condition of competitive female athletes in which there are interrelated problems of feeding and eating disorders; AMENORRHEA; and OSTEOPOROSIS.

Also Known As:

Female Athlete Triad

Networked: 34 relevant articles (2 outcomes, 7 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Mental Disorders: 24177
- Feeding and Eating Disorders: 3467
  - Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport: 86
    - Female Athlete Triad Syndrome: 34

Related Diseases

1.	Weight Gain
2.	Amenorrhea
3.	Stress Fractures (Stress Fracture)
4.	Menstruation Disturbances
5.	Metabolic Bone Diseases (Osteopenia)

Experts

1.	Tenforde, Adam S: 3 articles (01/2021 - 07/2018)
2.	De Souza, Mary Jane: 3 articles (12/2020 - 05/2007)
3.	Williams, Nancy I: 3 articles (12/2020 - 05/2007)
4.	Fredericson, Michael: 2 articles (01/2022 - 01/2021)
5.	Kraus, Emily: 2 articles (01/2022 - 10/2020)
6.	Burke, Louise M: 2 articles (11/2021 - 07/2018)
7.	Hackney, Anthony C: 2 articles (01/2021 - 01/2020)
8.	Warren, Michelle P: 2 articles (01/2008 - 10/2002)
9.	Kuhnt, Anne-Kristin: 1 article (03/2022)
10.	Westerman, Ronny: 1 article (03/2022)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Female Athlete Triad Syndrome:

1.	Oral ContraceptivesIBA 11/01/2017 - "The purpose of this study was to investigate potential negative effects of high frequency periodized menstrual/oral contraceptives (OC) cycle based leg resistance training on components in the female athlete triad. " 02/01/2021 - "This paper divides the clinical studies conducted to date into three topics that will be explored herein: (i) research on the female athlete triad (Triad); (ii) research on oral contraceptives/low-dose estrogen-progestin; and (iii) research on pregnancy and post-partum period."
2.	Estrogens (Estrogen)FDA Link 01/01/2022 - "Clinical Question: Does supplemental estrogen improve BMD in athletes with Female Athlete Triad symptoms? " 01/01/2022 - "Does Supplemental Estrogen Improve Bone-Related Symptoms of Female Athlete Triad in Female Athletes? " 06/01/2020 - "The examples are the so-called female athlete triad of menstrual dysfunction resulting in reduced estrogen levels, low energy due to malnutrition, and decreased BMD. " 02/01/2021 - "This paper divides the clinical studies conducted to date into three topics that will be explored herein: (i) research on the female athlete triad (Triad); (ii) research on oral contraceptives/low-dose estrogen-progestin; and (iii) research on pregnancy and post-partum period."
3.	A-factor (Streptomyces)IBA 09/01/2008 - "The higher proportion of injured females in this study, and the histories of menstrual irregularities and disordered eating, raised the concern that the female athlete triad may be a factor. " 06/23/2020 - "Furthermore, the element of weight class (lightweights classified as <130 lb [59 kg]) as a factor in the physical and mental health of female collegiate athletes has not been investigated, despite weight requirements in sport being a risk factor for the female athlete triad. "
4.	MicronutrientsIBA 01/01/2023 - "This study examined female collegiate ballet dancers' (n = 28) Female Athlete Triad (Triad) risk via the Cumulative Risk Assessment (CRA) and nutritional profiles (macro- and micronutrients; n = 26). "
5.	Reactive Oxygen Species (Oxygen Radicals)IBA 03/01/2022 - "For the present narrative review, 50 relevant studies were included: 19 studies were on obesity, 24 studies investigated the female athlete triad, and seven studies addressed other risk factors, including reactive oxygen species. "
6.	Progestins (Progestagens)IBA 02/01/2021 - "This paper divides the clinical studies conducted to date into three topics that will be explored herein: (i) research on the female athlete triad (Triad); (ii) research on oral contraceptives/low-dose estrogen-progestin; and (iii) research on pregnancy and post-partum period."
7.	LipidsIBA 03/01/2016 - "Amenorrhea in combination with low energy availability and low bone density is labeled "the Female Athlete Triad." Studies have demonstrated numerous long-term consequences of athletes suffering from all or a portion of this triad, including increased rate of musculoskeletal injuries, stress fractures, abnormal lipid profiles, endothelial dysfunction, potential irreversible bone loss, depression, anxiety, low self- esteem, and increased mortality. "
8.	2-toluenesulfonamide (OTS)IBA 11/01/2021 - "Furthermore, we demonstrate significantly similar symptom overlaps across much of the OTS (n = 57 studies) and RED-S/Female Athlete Triad (n = 88 studies) literature. "
9.	Biomarkers (Surrogate Marker)IBA 01/01/2017 - "The goal of treatment for those diagnosed with female athlete triad is restoration of regular menses as a clinical marker of reestablishment of energy balance and enhancement of bone mineral density. " 01/01/2017 - "The goal of treatment for those diagnosed with female athlete triad is restoration of regular menses as a clinical marker of reestablishment of energy balance and enhancement of bone mineral density. "
10.	Gonadal Steroid Hormones (Sex Hormones)IBA 01/01/2022 - "To identify the prevalence of male and female athlete triad risk factors in ultramarathon runners and explore associations between sex hormones and bone mineral density (BMD). " 01/01/2020 - "This IOC Commission action attempted to move beyond the sex-specific terminology of the "Female Athlete Triad" (Triad) and heighten awareness/realization that some athletic men do have reproductive related physiologic disturbances such as lowered sex hormone levels, HPG regulatory axis alterations, and low bone mineral density similar to Triad women. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Resistance Training 11/01/2017 - "An improved muscle strength are of great importance in many sports, hence an increased understanding on how to generate optimal strength training programs in women without negative side effects that may lead to the female athlete triad are essential. " 11/01/2017 - "The high frequency periodized leg resistance training was not associated with exercise-related negative consequences on components in the female athlete triad. " 11/01/2017 - "The purpose of this study was to investigate potential negative effects of high frequency periodized menstrual/oral contraceptives (OC) cycle based leg resistance training on components in the female athlete triad. "
2.	Therapeutics 01/01/2008 - " from the Female Athlete Triad in this case involved weight gain, improved diet and a return of menstruation, and appeared to be encouraged by cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT).Further longitudinal studies are warranted to inform on prognosis and to aid in the identification of strategies for recovery from the Triad. " 06/01/2019 - "The primary purpose of conducting two interprofessional education (IPE) experiences during a multidisciplinary physiology graduate-level course was to provide basic science, physical therapy, and physician assistant graduate students opportunities to work as a team in the diagnosis, treatment, and collaborative care when presented with a patient case focused on acute kidney injury (first case) and female athlete triad (second case). "
3.	Physical Therapy Modalities (Physical Therapy Technique) 10/01/2003 - "The female athlete triad: an emerging role for physical therapy."
4.	Diet Therapy (Therapy, Diet) 12/01/2020 - "We (i) identified alternative scoring strategies for the Female Athlete Triad Coalition cumulative risk assessment (CRA) tool to be utilized when particular risk factors (bone mineral density (BMD), oligomenorrhea/amenorrhea) cannot be determined; (ii) objectively defined dietary restriction for use in the CRA tool; and (iii) explored proxy measures of energy deficiency. "
5.	Conservative Treatment 12/01/2013 - "A conservative treatment approach was utilized in each case including education on the female athlete triad, education on increased caloric intake and a referral to the family physician. "