Stupor

A state of reduced sensibility and response to stimuli which is distinguished from COMA in that the person can be aroused by vigorous and repeated stimulation. The person is still conscious and can make voluntary movements. It can be induced by CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AGENTS. The word derives from Latin stupere and is related to stunned, stupid, dazed or LETHARGY.

Also Known As:

Networked: 1573 relevant articles (17 outcomes, 102 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Respiratory Insufficiency (Respiratory Failure)
2.	Pain (Aches)
3.	Disease Progression
4.	Urinary Retention
5.	Pruritus (Itching)

Experts

1.	Rostain, Jean-Claude: 6 articles (01/2016 - 08/2002)
2.	Schultz, T W: 6 articles (11/2010 - 01/2001)
3.	Cronin, Mark T D: 5 articles (01/2021 - 12/2002)
4.	Schüürmann, Gerrit: 4 articles (01/2016 - 12/2010)
5.	Abraini, Jacques H: 4 articles (11/2014 - 03/2003)
6.	Risso, Jean-Jacques: 4 articles (01/2014 - 03/2003)
7.	Hawthorne, Steven B: 4 articles (07/2010 - 04/2005)
8.	Abraham, Michael H: 4 articles (06/2008 - 09/2005)
9.	Acree, William E: 4 articles (06/2008 - 09/2005)
10.	Balon, Norbert: 4 articles (01/2006 - 08/2002)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Stupor:

1.	Ether (Diethyl Ether)IBA 03/20/1931 - "(4) The application of ether, alcohol, or xylol to the 3 posterior pairs of spiracles, or immersion of these segments in alcohol, was effective in inducing premature reversal at the close of the 5th stage, exclusively forward beating being resumed as soon as narcosis disappeared. " 03/01/2013 - "3 days after the last CP administration the rats were weighted and blood under ether narcosis has been taken for biochemical examination. " 01/01/2012 - "Nowadays, in Russia, diethyl ether is the most popular narcosis for rodent and particular rats. " 05/01/2011 - "Total of 36 white rats, male, body mass 130-150 g., underwent partial resection of the spleen under the ether narcosis. " 12/01/2010 - "After stopping of the experiment (15th day), under the ether narcosis the animals were sacrificed. "
2.	barbituric acid (barbiturate)IBA 04/01/1981 - "Barbiturate narcosis and deep cooling, which induced a decrease in body temperature in rats and hibernation in squirrels, caused a marked decrease of all macromolecular constituents in neurons. " 05/01/1953 - "Barbiturate narcosis depresses the response of dendrites in a manner that resembles anodal depression for it is relieved rather than reinforced by asphyxial depolarization (Fig. " 07/01/1957 - "Electrographic monitoring of anaesthesia; clinical and experimental studies of cerebral function during barbiturate narcosis." 07/01/1955 - "Electrographic monitoring of barbiturate narcosis; studies of cortical function." 03/16/2001 - "In particular, low doses reduced the latency to and prolonged the duration of barbiturate narcosis. "
3.	Hexobarbital (Hexenal)IBA 12/01/1969 - "Experimental studies on the model of hexobarbital-narcosis in rat]." 08/01/1955 - "[Study on pathological electric activity of the brain in hexobarbital narcosis of epileptics]." 07/15/2009 - "Pretreatment with Sida acuta extract significantly shortened the duration of hexobarbitone-induced narcosis in mice indicating its hepatoprotective potential. " 05/01/1995 - "[Daily dynamics of the duration of hexenal narcosis in experimental hepatosis]." 02/01/1990 - "However, even with 10(7) U/kg (s.c.), no effect was found in general behavior, rotarod performance and hexobarbital narcosis in mice. "
4.	Chloroform (Trichloromethane)IBA 01/01/2019 - "One other description of the use of chloroform narcosis , by Paul von Sick (Germany) in 1867. " 01/01/1997 - "In America, however, there was less enthusiasm for chloroform narcosis. " 01/01/1997 - "The first narcosis with chloroform was performed by James Young Simpson on himself on November 4, 1847. " 03/01/1897 - "The circulation recovers itself more slowly after profound etherization than after a like chloroform narcosis. " 12/12/1896 - "On Auscultation of the Heart During Chloroform Narcosis."
5.	Anesthetics (Anesthetic Agents)IBA 06/01/1991 - "Choice of volatile anesthetic may be important for the good results of narcosis. " 01/01/2018 - "When treating SE with anesthetic drugs and narcosis, everything has to be done to avoid cardiopulmonary complications." 01/01/2018 - "Therefore, we performed a retrospective database analysis to examine the influence of treatment with anesthetic drugs and narcosis in SE on mortality and disability. " 11/01/2000 - "The anesthetic potencies of alkanethiols for rats: relevance to theories of narcosis." 09/01/2000 - "Accounts of anesthetic narcosis, on the other hand, explain losses of consciousness in terms of neural signal-suppressions, transmission blocks, and the disruptions of signal interpretation. "
6.	Nitrous Oxide (Laughing Gas)IBA 06/30/2020 - "The aim of this study was to evaluate pupillometry for objective measurement of narcosis during exposure to hyperbaric air or nitrous oxide. " 07/01/2000 - "Accordingly, the present study tested the hypothesis that mild narcosis, induced by inhalation of a normoxic gas mixture containing 30% nitrous oxide (N2O), would affect VO2. " 09/01/1988 - "According to the findings, nitrous oxide narcosis does not significantly affect the brain circulation, so that it is suitable for an experimental study of the latter." 06/30/2020 - "Pupillometry is sensitive to alcohol intoxication and it has been used in anaesthesia to assess nitrous oxide narcosis. " 06/30/2020 - "Pupillometry is not sensitive to gas narcosis in divers breathing hyperbaric air or normobaric nitrous oxide."
7.	Pentobarbital (Nembutal)FDA Link 05/01/1988 - "Under nembutal narcosis on cats, intracellular electrophysiological studies have been made of common properties and differences in the neuronal organization of the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis and intrinsic pontine nuclei. " 01/01/1981 - "This study was designed to assess the strain differences in pentobarbital toxicity, narcosis, the development of tolerance and physical dependence, the half-life of pentobarbital and the activities of hepatic microsomal electron transfer chain in DBA/2J, C57BL/6J and ICR mice. " 06/01/2007 - "Analogous to TRH, it also antagonized pentobarbital-induced narcosis when administered intravenously. " 02/21/2006 - "In nembutal narcosis, the left lateral and the medial lobes of the liver were clipped for 45 min to make the total blood supply flow through the other lobes. " 11/01/1993 - "The linear and volumetric blood flow velocity in the ascending aorta and pulmonary artery conus, right-left ventricular ejection balance, pulmonary and femoral arterial blood pressures, pulmonary microcirculation in fat pulmonary microembolism induced during the routine and high-frequency jet lung ventilation (HFJLV) were studied by ultrasonic techniques in acute experiments on cats with open chest under nembutal narcosis. "
8.	Morphine (MS Contin)FDA LinkGeneric 05/01/1895 - "Morphine Narcosis: The Case of the Quadruple Murderer." 10/01/1987 - "Although the pharmacokinetics of morphine are unchanged in renal insufficiency, accumulation of active metabolites may lead to narcosis. " 07/01/1994 - "In patients with renal failure, morphine may cause prolonged narcosis and respiratory depression. " 08/01/1984 - "Intermittent epidural injection of morphine relieved pain for 5.8 +/- 2.3 hr/injection and was associated with urinary retention in all patients, with pruritus in 12 patients, and with central narcosis and respiratory depression in 8 patients. " 02/01/1983 - "An experimental study in dogs with intact thoracic cavity under morphine-chloralose narcosis featured coronary catheterization, extracorporeal perfusion and resistography as well as catheterization of the heart cavities and the coronary sinus. "
9.	SolutionsIBA 04/01/1978 - "The results show that stable circulation can be achieved in 4 to 6 hours during narcosis as well as in the subsequent phase with a sufficient supply of fluid through 6% HES 40 000 solution. " 09/01/2007 - "B) DESIGN AND METHODS: Investigations were carried out on 120 white rats (180-200g), which were injected intravenously by 0.5 ml and 1.0 ml of 1 % solution of GSH-17 and decapitated after 10 and 30 min after the injection by use of light chloroform narcosis. " 01/01/1981 - "Immobilization of mosquitoes prior to dissection by either narcosis or by shaking in a test tube has no significant influence on cellular parameters in females fed on sugar solution and investigated 3 days after emergence. " 05/01/1978 - "As well as we have been able to verify in the course of sixty-two of these procedures, a discontinuous narcosis obtained by reiterated injections of propanidid presents a satisfying solution. " 01/01/2020 - "The obtained findings suggest a possibility of performing EVLO in patients with an allergy-burdened history in relation to local anaesthetics using for tumescence exclusively normal saline solution chilled to a temperature of +3-6ºC, with no additional sedation or narcosis. "
10.	Analgesics (Analgesic Drugs)IBA 11/15/1960 - "[On the potentiation of the action of 21-hydroxypregnandione narcosis with a new analgesic: R-875]." 01/01/1958 - "[Narcosis potentiating and analgesic effect of 1,4-dipyrrolidino-2-butyne]." 07/01/2018 - "Local anaesthesia (using amide local analgesic in minimal dosage) is preferred to narcosis. " 01/01/1977 - "A distinction was made between holoencephalic hypno-analgesics (affecting the activity of practically all the neurone systems of the brain) and the neuroleptics, tranquilisers and analgesics which have only a limited effect on the telencephalon, neocortex and archicortex, the electroencephalographic actions of which also differ from the classical stages of narcosis. " 01/01/1963 - "[Analgesic narcosis with nitrous oxide in minor gynecological operations]."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Anesthesia 10/01/2021 - "[175 years of anesthesia and narcosis-Towards a "human right to unconsciousness"]." 08/01/2017 - "Early on during his scientific and clinical career, he addressed problems of surgical anesthesia and in 1928 he became one of the editors of the first German journal of anesthesia Narcosis and Anesthesia ("Narkose und Anästhesie"). " 11/01/2016 - "Being started after 1-h anesthesia, the process of accumulation of pathological changes in the cornea unequivocally led clinically significant abrasions following 3-6 h of the narcosis. " 10/01/2016 - "[History of anesthesia : "From narcosis to perioperative homeostasis"]." 08/23/2016 - "Passive narcosis for anesthesia induction in cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus)."
2.	General Anesthesia 10/01/1998 - "Increased inspiratory resistance in combination with mild gas narcosis is common during recovery after a general anesthesia, but there are only few previous studies on inspiratory loading during subanesthetic gas narcosis. " 01/01/1997 - "The procedures were performed under general anesthesia in many instances with jet narcosis--in laryngomicroscopic exposure. " 08/01/1978 - "95 patients were operated upon under general anesthesia and 103--under local narcosis. " 12/01/1956 - "[General anesthesia in ophthalmological operations based on 607 personal cases of narcosis (1951-1956)]." 01/01/1991 - "This type of intervention is an enlargement of the surgeon's armentarium, and it can be offered to patients unwilling to have general anesthesia or with severe contraindications to narcosis."
3.	Resuscitation 07/01/2005 - "Analysis of technological engineering support of anesthesiology and resuscitation equipment carried out in 2002-2003 revealed a trend toward improvement in supply of equipment for inhalation narcosis, artificial lung ventilation, and control diagnostic devices. " 08/01/1985 - "In zoo animals in narcosis induced by medicines, the resuscitation effectiveness achieved 92.6%. " 05/01/1974 - "[Portable narcosis- and resuscitation apparatus]." 09/01/1933 - "THE RESUSCITATION OF NEWLY-BORN BABIES SHOWING NARCOSIS." 10/01/1874 - "On Nelaton's Method of Resuscitation from Chloroform Narcosis."
4.	Conduction Anesthesia (Regional Anesthesia) 03/01/1961 - "[Local-regional anesthesia with basic narcosis for hip surgery]." 01/01/1990 - "One hundred and twenty children have benefited from surgical cure for vesico-renal reflux under loco-regional anesthesia per caudal way, with use of a mixed solution of Lidocaine 1%, Bupivacaine 0.5%, with Adrenaline, along with a complementary narcosis. "
5.	Epidural Injections 08/01/1984 - "Intermittent epidural injection of morphine relieved pain for 5.8 +/- 2.3 hr/injection and was associated with urinary retention in all patients, with pruritus in 12 patients, and with central narcosis and respiratory depression in 8 patients. "