Azotemia

A biochemical abnormality referring to an elevation of BLOOD UREA NITROGEN and CREATININE. Azotemia can be produced by KIDNEY DISEASES or other extrarenal disorders. When azotemia becomes associated with a constellation of clinical signs, it is termed UREMIA.

Also Known As:

Networked: 1459 relevant articles (66 outcomes, 71 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Hypercalcemia (Milk Alkali Syndrome)
2.	Proteinuria
3.	Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)
4.	Hydronephrosis
5.	Hyperkalemia

Experts

1.	Vaziri, Nosratola D: 13 articles (08/2013 - 11/2005)
2.	Elliott, J: 9 articles (07/2016 - 04/2007)
3.	Syme, H M: 9 articles (07/2016 - 04/2007)
4.	Elliott, Jonathan: 6 articles (11/2019 - 02/2010)
5.	Zager, Richard A: 5 articles (11/2021 - 07/2003)
6.	Syme, Harriet M: 5 articles (12/2017 - 02/2010)
7.	Williams, T L: 5 articles (07/2016 - 07/2010)
8.	Kim, Hyun Ju: 5 articles (06/2011 - 06/2009)
9.	Segev, Gilad: 4 articles (11/2022 - 01/2018)
10.	Ahn, Dong Jik: 4 articles (06/2022 - 08/2020)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Azotemia:

1.	CreatinineIBA 01/01/2023 - "Two days after discharge, the patient had improvement in azotemia (BUN 10.7 mmol/L [30 mg/dl], creatinine 176.6 µmol/L [2.0 mg/dl]). " 10/01/1976 - "In addition, the patients with mild azotemia had an improvement in renal function as determined by a reduction in serum creatinine. " 03/01/2005 - "Urinary GGT and urinary GGT : creatinine ratios were significantly elevated on Day 5 of the trial, with 2 of the trial animals also exhibiting mild azotaemia indicative of changes in renal function. " 02/01/2001 - "The study end-point was recovery of renal function that was defined as a level of serum creatinine <or= 116 micromol/L in the azotemia patients or a 50% reduction of serum creatinine and discontinuation of dialysis in the uremic patients. " 11/01/1999 - "Data from these studies indicate that self-perpetuated renal injury is initiated when mild azotemia is induced (plasma creatinine concentration = 2 to 4 mg/dL). "
2.	Proteins (Proteins, Gene)FDA Link 10/01/2022 - "However, at similar protein intake, older patients had a higher risk of azotaemia. " 01/01/2022 - "Azotemia was not associated with inadequate protein intake. " 10/01/2019 - "Excessive protein provision may contribute to azotemia in these patients, but inadequate protein intake may harm nutrition status and result in poorer clinical outcomes. " 11/01/2011 - "Clinicopathologic abnormalities were consistent with protein-losing nephropathy and renal azotemia. " 01/01/1993 - "All 4 dogs had severe azotemia and massive protein-losing nephropathy. "
3.	Urea (Carbamide)FDA LinkGeneric 04/01/1956 - "[Relation of oxygen consumption to azotemia and clearance of urea; illustration of clinical application of this relationship]." 04/01/1956 - "[Diagnostic value of azotemia and of the clearance of urea in the chronic nephropathies; compared with glomerular filtration]." 05/01/2022 - "We evaluated a saliva urea test strip (Kidney-Chek; SN Biomedical), as a rapid, noninvasive method to screen for azotemia. " 01/25/2016 - "Upon multivariate analysis, an abnormal peripheral blood smear (AOR = 2.9672), Hb, (AOR = 0.5791), moderate to severe anaemia (Hb <10 g/dL) (AOR = 3.1385), Urea (AOR = 3.6435) and intra-renal azotaemia (AOR = 0.1893) remained significant. " 07/01/1995 - "Azotemia was controlled in all patients (plasma urea < 30 mmol/L). "
4.	AcidsIBA 12/23/2021 - "This study aimed to evaluate the ratio of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) from 99mTc-diethylenetriamine-pentaacetic acid dynamic renal scan (GFRSCAN) to estimated GFR (eGFR) as a predictor of renal function improvement in patients with azotemia.A retrospective review of medical records was conducted to identify consecutive patients with newly discovered or aggravated azotemia who underwent 99mTc-diethylenetriamine-pentaacetic acid renal scan. " 01/01/1976 - "It is probable that those organic acids which accumulate in azotemia, and interfered with renal tubular secretion of PAH, were themselves eliminated after opening the ureteral-venous anastomosis. " 11/30/2023 - "Dogs with azotemia, concurrent disease, or those receiving acid suppressants were excluded. " 02/01/1995 - "The patients performed self-catheterization 4-5 times during the day and 0-2 times at night for volumes ranging from 300 to 600 ml. Continent colonic urinary diversion did not appear to create either any significant acid-base changes or azotemia in patients with normal renal function. " 03/01/1996 - "[The reaction of the kidneys and acid-base and osmotic homeostasis to moderate physical exertion in patients with chronic pyelonephritis in the pre-azotemia period]."
5.	EnzymesIBA 09/01/2018 - "Clinical pathology showed moderate neutrophilia, mild anaemia, mild elevation in liver enzymes (ALT, AST and ALP) and mild azotaemia. " 05/01/2011 - "Serum chemistry revealed elevated liver enzyme activities and azotaemia. " 11/01/1980 - "Total liver T(3) and alphaGPD and MDH were strikingly low; the corresponding values were 3.5, 2.4, and 2.5.l-triiodothyronine replacement (0.4 mug/100 g body wt/d) for 4 wk in the Nx rats resulted in significant increases in liver enzyme activities, alphaGPD and MDH rose by 70 and 60% over their respective basal values without alteration in the severity of azotemia. " 01/01/2013 - "The CKD group exhibited azotemia, hypertension, significant reduction (-39%) of state 3 mitochondrial respiration, and a significant increase in the mitochondrial complex I enzyme activity. " 08/05/2022 - "None of the cats developed hypotension, azotemia, or increased serum liver enzyme concentrations. "
6.	DiureticsIBA 03/01/2009 - "Diuretics have been the mainstay of treatment; however, they are often unsuccessful in reversing the vicious cycle of volume overload, worsening cardiac function, and azotemia. " 01/01/2010 - "The FeUrea performed significantly better (98 to 49%, p < 0.0001) in detecting pre-renal azotemia, and that advantage came exclusively in patients taking diuretics (p < 0.0001); however, 4/5 cases incorrectly detected by the FeUrea were correctly detected by the FeNa. " 01/01/2007 - "None had azotemia nor were on diuretic treatment. " 12/01/2002 - "Low FEUN (</=35%) was found to be a more sensitive and specific index than FENa in differentiating between ARF due to prerenal azotemia and that due to ATN, especially if diuretics have been administered." 12/01/2002 - "FENa was low only in the patients with untreated plain prerenal azotemia while it was high in both the prerenal with diuretics and the ATN groups. "
7.	Uric Acid (Urate)IBA 07/01/2011 - "Thirty days after chemotherapy we observed a significant difference in azotemia of 0.0 mg/dl vs. 3.8 mg/dl (p<0.001), serum uric acid of 0.05 mg/dl vs. 0.49 mg/dl (p<0.001), urinary uric acid (p<0.001) of 23 mg/24 h vs. 0.0 mg/24 h, GFR of 2 ml/min/1.73 m(2) vs. -8 ml/min/1.73 m(2) (p<0.05) and systolic BP (SBP) of 3.6 mmHg vs. 0.8 mmHg (p<0.05). " 07/01/1990 - "Dialysis therapy may be required both to correct azotemia and to reduce the body burden of urate. " 01/01/2010 - "It has been known that the cause of acute renal failure is renal azotemia resulting from sustained hypovolemia, but post-renal causes due to ammonium acid urate stones should be taken into consideration." 05/01/1999 - "The diagnostic usefulness of measuring serum urate levels and fractional excretions of urate in SIADH, incipient diabetic nephropathy, and prerenal azotemia have been reviewed. " 11/26/1966 - "The agent is particularly valuable in the management of problems of gout with azotemia, acute uric acid nephropathy and uric acid urolithiasis. "
8.	CalciumIBA 09/01/2020 - "On evaluation he was found to have normocytic normochromic anaemia, leucocytosis, elevated serum-calcium concentration and azotaemia. " 01/01/1994 - "Hypercalcaemia and azotaemia are mutually interacting pathogenetic factors and the correction of increased calcium level is a must in modern therapeutic strategies." 01/01/1994 - "In 27 patients, 77% of the hypercalcaemic and 44% of the azotaemic patients, both the calcium level and azotaemia were increased. " 11/01/1982 - "Response to therapy did not appear to be influenced by age, breed, sex, initial calcium concentration, degree of azotemia, or histologic classification." 05/01/2019 - "The median total serum calcium level was 13.95 (range 11.10-17.20) mg/dl and median 25-OHD level was 306 (range 105-2800) ng/ml. All patients had suppressed or low normal iPTH and hypercalciuria and 78% had azotemia. "
9.	Furosemide (Lasix)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/1976 - "This suppression of renal tubular secretion of furosemide may partially account for reduced therapeutic efficacy of furosemide in azotemia." 02/01/1977 - "Depression of renal clearance of furosemide in man by azotemia." 01/01/1976 - "Effect of experimental azotemia on renal clearance of furosemide in the dog." 07/15/2008 - "Three crias with inadequate urine production and severe azotemia were treated with furosemide administered i.v. as a bolus or as a constant-rate infusion. " 03/01/2004 - "Diuresis renography is widely used to distinguish obstructed from nonobstructed kidneys; however, the delivery of furosemide to its site of action in the loop of Henle is impaired in patients with azotemia. "
10.	TeaIBA 01/01/1976 - "Thus, TEA is superior to PAH for evaluation of the renal circulation in azotemia." 01/01/1976 - "Effects of azotemia on renal extraction and clearance of PAH and TEA." 01/01/1976 - "For TEA, clearance (1.5 ml/min-g +/- 0.2 S.E.M.) and extraction (E) (0.83 +/- 0.02) are independent of the degree of azotemia. " 02/01/1977 - "Thus, by using a constant-infusion technique we demonstrated that the renal clearance of furosemide is depressed by azotemia in man and that there was greater depression with furosemide than with TEA." 01/01/1976 - "The clearance of furosemide (F), whose renal tubular transport shares the classical characteristics of the organic acid system, was determined in dogs with varying degrees of azotemia and compared with tetraethylammonium (TEA), an organic base. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 02/01/2002 - "This significant reduction in azotaemia was also observed among subgroups of patients receiving concomitant therapy with nephrotoxic agents. " 01/01/2007 - "Although it is well accepted that initiation of RRT in patients with progressive azotemia prior to the development of overt uremic manifestations is associated with improved survival, whether there is benefit to even earlier initiation of therapy is uncertain. " 01/01/2022 - "In clinical practice, prerenal azotemia (PRA) is often distinguished from other types of AKI by volume expansion therapy. " 11/01/2020 - "Combination therapy resulted in relevant azotemia in 4/13 (31%) dogs. " 02/01/2019 - "The article provides an overview of the diagnosis and therapy of common causes of azotemia in rabbits and rodents. "
2.	Renal Dialysis (Hemodialysis) 07/01/1994 - "Hemodialysis (HD) was required to improved azotemia. " 01/01/2018 - "Hemodialysis was imperative in stabilizing the dog's renal disease and controlling its azotemia. " 10/01/2015 - "He had azotemia and required hemodialysis. " 10/01/2013 - "Prerenal azotemia developed due to massive tissue damage and patient was sent to hemodialysis twice." 04/01/2010 - "As a result of progressive azotemia, hemodialysis was performed. "
3.	Stents 01/01/2017 - "Retrograde ureteral stent failure was defined as the inability to place ureteral stents by cystoscopy, recurrent stent obstruction within one month, or non-relief of azotemia within one week from the prior retrograde ureteral stent. " 06/01/2014 - "Following shortening of the ureteral stents severe azotaemia was again observed. " 01/15/2009 - "The cat was euthanized 1 month after stent placement because of progressive azotemia. " 06/01/2014 - "Removal of the ureteral stents resulted in severe azotaemia as a result of stricture formation at the previous ureteral anastomosis site. " 06/01/2005 - "Case report: Azotemia secondary to bilateral ureteral kinking from ureteral stents placed at the time of bladder exstrophy closure."
4.	Renal Replacement Therapy (Therapies, Renal Replacement) 01/01/2019 - "Available evidence does not suggest that standard renal replacement therapies improve outcome from AKI beyond control of fluid balance and azotemia. " 03/01/2016 - "Depending on the severity of azotemia and hydroelectrolytic disorders, application of some of the methods of renal replacement therapy may be considered." 01/01/2005 - "CRRT provides better control of azotemia while preserving hemodynamic stability in patients undergoing renal replacement therapy. " 05/01/1990 - "Continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration is a form of renal replacement therapy whereby small molecular weight solutes and water are removed from the blood via convection, alleviating fluid overload and, to a degree, azotemia. " 07/01/1987 - "Continuous arteriovenous hemodialysis seems at present to be the ideal renal replacement therapy system to compensate azotemia in hypercatabolic patients. "
5.	Catheters 10/01/1993 - "The surgery to induce azotemia was performed on the dogs, a disk catheter for drainage was placed between the liver and diaphragm, and a straight catheter for infusion was placed on the abdominal side of the bladder. " 04/01/1983 - "Prerenal azotemia due to volume depletion was not present as adequate central filling pressures were maintained with a Swan-Ganz catheter. " 10/01/1984 - "While changes in catheter and guide wire technology have allowed for marked enhancement of the indications for percutaneous nephrostomy, the classic indications remain, such as decompression in patients with urosepsis and azotemia, especially with concomitant medical problems that require time to bring under control." 05/01/1991 - "Outstanding problems perceived are--high incidence of TPN-related cholestasis (14.7%), azotemia (26.4%), central catheter-related sepsis (75.0%) and the falling, but yet high cost of the technique (Rs. " 12/01/1989 - "The risk factors identified included the presence of a central line (odds ratio, 26.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.5 to 451.1); bladder catheter (13.0 1.3 to 131.4); two or more antibiotics (25.1, 2.1 to 318); azotemia (22.1, 2.2 to 223.2); transfer from another hospital (21.3, 1.7 to 274.5); diarrhea (10.2, 1.03 to 101.4); and candiduria (27.0, 1.7 to 423.5). "