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Atherosclerosis (Atheroma)

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Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of medium and large muscular ARTERIES with lesions in the innermost layer of the artery (ARTERIAL INTIMA). This disease process of atherogenesis includes the retention of cholesterol-rich LIPOPROTEINS and their binding to PROTEOGLYCANS in the arterial intima, generation of proinflammatory molecules that recruit MACROPHAGES to the subendothelial space, formation of FOAM CELLS, and eventual calcification of the arterial wall. These arterial plaques (atheromas) contain CARBOHYDRATES; BLOOD; and CALCIUM.

Also Known As:

Atheroma; Fatty Streak, Arterial; Arterial Fatty Streak; Arterial Fatty Streaks; Atheromas; Atheroscleroses; Fatty Streaks, Arterial; Streak, Arterial Fatty; Streaks, Arterial Fatty; Atherogenesis

Networked: 32844 relevant articles (1041 outcomes, 4837 trials/studies) for this Disease, Comments

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Cardiovascular Diseases: 21818
- Vascular Diseases: 7734
  - Arterial Occlusive Diseases: 1096
    - Arteriosclerosis: 2766
      - Atherosclerosis: 32844

Related Diseases

1.	Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)
2.	Cardiovascular Diseases (Cardiovascular Disease)
3.	Hypercholesterolemia
4.	Inflammation
5.	Coronary Artery Disease (Coronary Atherosclerosis)

Experts

1.	Libby, Peter: 81 articles (05/2010 - 01/2002)
2.	Folsom, Aaron R: 60 articles (07/2010 - 02/2002)
3.	Rader, Daniel J: 59 articles (03/2010 - 05/2002)
4.	Kastelein, John J P: 47 articles (08/2010 - 01/2002)
5.	Navab, Mohamad: 44 articles (08/2010 - 01/2002)
6.	Witztum, Joseph L: 44 articles (07/2010 - 01/2002)
7.	Sharrett, A Richey: 44 articles (07/2010 - 01/2002)
8.	Boerwinkle, Eric: 44 articles (07/2010 - 02/2002)
9.	Ballantyne, Christie M: 44 articles (06/2010 - 03/2002)
10.	Fazio, Sergio: 43 articles (08/2010 - 04/2002)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Atherosclerosis:

1.	CholesterolIBA 02/01/2007 - "Studies in genetically engineered mice revealed that SR-BI plays an important role in HDL reverse cholesterol transport and protection against atherosclerosis. " 11/01/2003 - "Although surgical, endovascular, and medical therapies for atherosclerosis in general, and PAD specifically, continue to be developed, there appears to be considerable room for improvement in physician adoption of proven effective therapies, such as cholesterol-lowering therapies and blood pressure management. " 07/01/2001 - "Although the accumulation of cholesterol and other lipidic material is unquestionably important in atherogenesis, the reasons why this material progressively accumulates, rather than being effectively cleared by phagocytic cells such as macrophages, are not completely understood. " 03/27/2001 - "The lack of major differences in these studies in cholesterol mobilization by native apoAI and AIM, or by apoAIM-AII heterodimers, suggests that any protection against atherosclerosis conferred by this mutation is likely related to other beneficial vascular effects of AIM." 09/01/2000 - "STUDY OBJECTIVES: Improvement in coronary artery endothelial function has been demonstrated after cholesterol lowering in hypercholesterolemic patients with significant atherosclerosis. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
2.	Lipoproteins (Lipoprotein)IBA 09/01/2005 - "High-density lipoprotein (HDL) plays an important role in protection against atherosclerosis. " 08/01/2009 - "High-density lipoprotein (HDL) and 17beta-estradiol independently provide protection against atherosclerosis. " 08/01/2006 - "SUMMARY: In our view, CETP inhibitors in combination with statins will be profoundly beneficial in reducing human atherosclerosis, primarily because they normalize HDL particles and prevent the transfer of cholesteryl ester from HDL to atherogenic lipoproteins." 03/01/1988 - "It is concluded that P does not modify the serum lipoprotein pattern in a way which can be considered as beneficial in terms of atherosclerosis. " 03/01/1985 - "[Therapeutic efficacy of high density lipoprotein (HDL) on experimental atherosclerosis]" Order ALL the reference details at left...
3.	Apolipoproteins E (ApoE)IBA 01/01/2006 - "There was an important strain-dependence of the effect, with no protection against atherosclerosis in apoE(-/-) mice." 08/01/2008 - "TxA(2) receptor antagonism alone also afforded a significant reduction in atherosclerosis in apoE-deficient mice. " 05/01/2000 - "This notion has been further supported by a recent finding that administration of ET receptor antagonists resulted in a significant reduction of atherosclerosis in apoE-KO mice." 05/01/2000 - "We anticipate that pharmacological approaches to increase apoE synthesis and/or secretion by macrophages might be beneficial for the treatment of atherosclerosis." 01/05/2005 - "We conclude that microencapsulated apoE-secreting cells have the potential to ameliorate the hyperlipidaemia of apoE deficiency, but that the technology must be improved to become a feasible therapeutic to treat atherosclerosis." Order ALL the reference details at left...
4.	ApolipoproteinsIBA 05/01/2010 - "Studies on protective effects of human paraoxonases 1 and 3 on atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E knockout mice." 06/01/2008 - "Apolipoprotein E has critical roles in the protection against atherosclerosis and is understood to follow the classical constitutive secretion pathway. " 06/01/2007 - "Swimming reduces the severity of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E deficient mice by antioxidant effects." 11/24/2006 - "Fcgamma receptor deficiency confers protection against atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E knockout mice." 05/01/2001 - "Mixed allogeneic chimerism with wild-type strains ameliorates atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice." Order ALL the reference details at left...
5.	LipidsIBA 06/01/2004 - "RESULTS: Animals receiving the novel AAV vectors realized nearly complete normalization of serum lipids and failed to develop the severe atherosclerosis that characterized the untreated animals; the AAV2 vector constructs demonstrated partial lipid correction and only a modest improvement in atherosclerosis. " 01/01/2010 - "Decreased level of atherogenic lipids in blood improved the course of obliterating atherosclerosis of the lower extremity vessels. " 12/01/2009 - "We have previously reported that these lipids have proinflammatory effects on human fibroblasts in vitro and, in preliminary studies, have recovered these lipids from surgically removed human carotid atheroma, suggesting that they may play a role in human inflammatory disease. " 10/01/2009 - "Associations between dietary macronutrient intake and plasma lipids demonstrate criterion performance of the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) food-frequency questionnaire." 03/01/2009 - "This study was carried out to determine whether flax lignan complex slows down the progression of already developed atherosclerosis, and whether this effect is associated with reductions in serum lipids and oxidative stress. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
6.	glucuronyl glucosamine glycan sulfate (Vessel)IBA 10/01/2005 - "Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) has emerged as the new gold standard for atherosclerosis imaging because it provides cross-sectional images of both the arterial wall and lumen with excellent resolution, reveals the diffuse nature of atherosclerosis and the involvement of reference segments, and takes into account vessel wall remodelling. " 05/01/2004 - "Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) has emerged as the new gold standard for atherosclerosis imaging because it provides cross-sectional images of both the arterial wall and lumen with excellent resolution, reveals the diffuse nature of atherosclerosis and the involvement of reference segments, and takes into account vessel wall remodeling. " 04/01/1992 - "This mechanism may help to explain the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in diabetes, as monocyte accumulation within the vessel wall is an important step in fatty streak development." 12/01/1998 - "Combining this technique with high resolution intravascular MRI techniques may result in a very useful diagnostic tool for the evaluation of atherosclerosis and other vessel diseases." 08/01/2002 - "An improved understanding of the pathological changes in the ageing thoracic aorta may be useful in the development of strategies to reduce the undesirable vessel calcification associated with atherosclerosis." Order ALL the reference details at left...
7.	LDL Receptors (LDL Receptor)IBA 04/30/2007 - "These results show for the first time that this dual Tx inhibitor is effective in reducing atherogenesis in the LDL receptor deficient mice. " 03/01/2001 - "Identification of the gene in this region may lead to new insights into the mechanisms of LDL receptor-mediated uptake of LDL by cells and may help to identify further genetic risk factors for premature atherosclerosis." 10/01/2009 - "CONCLUSION: This study surprisingly revealed that atherogenesis does not require CD44 expression on hematopoietic cells in the LDL receptor-deficient mouse model. " 04/01/2009 - "In this study we observed the effect of CRH on atherosclerosis in low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient (LDLr-/-) mice. " 11/01/2008 - "For atherosclerosis studies, mice were crossed onto the LDL-receptor deficient background. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
8.	Estrogens (Estrogen)FDA Link 12/01/2001 - "From these results we concluded that the most important atheroprotective effect of estrogen is the direct inhibition of atherosclerosis in the arterial wall, and improvement in lipid metabolism is of secondary importance." 05/01/1989 - "We conclude that estrogen is an important factor in the animals' "female protection" against diet-induced atherosclerosis. " 03/01/2010 - "It is possible that postmenopausal estrogen/progestogen therapy may be beneficial in perimenopausal and early menopausal women prior to atherosclerotic plaque formation, but it may not prevent progression of atherosclerotic plaques and acute cardiovascular events in older women with cardiovascular risk factors or women with established atherosclerosis. " 09/01/2000 - "Exercise, estrogens, and substitution of polyunsaturated fat for saturated fat are beneficial in the prevention of atherosclerosis. " 01/01/1994 - "Consequently, estrogens are believed to confer significant protection against coronary artery atherosclerosis (CAA). " Order ALL the reference details at left...
9.	Insulin (Novolin)FDA Link 10/01/2008 - "CONCLUSIONS: A 6-month therapy with insulin sensitizers, MET and ROSI, resulted in marked improvement of endothelial function in young PCOS patients without clinically evident atherosclerosis who were not severely insulin resistant. " 10/08/2009 - "Molecular disruption of the lipid carrier AFABP/aP2 in mice results in improved insulin sensitivity and protection from atherosclerosis. " 03/01/2009 - "Insulin also appears to exhibit anti-inflammatory effects, which may provide additional protection against the development of atherosclerosis. " 10/01/2004 - "Despite improved insulin sensitivity with CR, atherosclerosis extent did not differ between the ad libitum-fed or CR groups. " 02/01/2002 - "The advantages for our ancestors of a large cytokine response (eradication of the lesion) or moderate resistance to insulin (protection against food shortage) have led in the present day to the development of atherosclerosis now that the characteristics of the environment have changed. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
10.	Vitamin E FDA Link 08/15/1998 - "Our economic evaluation indicates that vitamin E therapy in patients with angiographically proven atherosclerosis is cost-effective in the Australian and US settings." 02/04/2003 - "In contrast, vitamin E-treated animals showed a significant reduction in progression of atherosclerosis. " 02/01/1995 - "We suggest that supplementation with low-dose vitamin E would be beneficial for ameliorating atherosclerosis." 01/01/2004 - "These interactions promise to reveal the biological properties of vitamin E and allow designing better strategies for the protection against atherosclerosis progression." 09/01/2000 - "BACKGROUND: Vitamin E (VE) is thought to be effective in preventing atherosclerosis. " Order ALL the reference details at left...

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Transplants (Transplant) 06/01/1996 - "Staining intensity measurements revealed a significant reduction (P < 0.001) in the amount of eNOS present in areas of atherosclerosis as compared with normal veins and areas of vein graft with FIH changes alone. " 06/23/1989 - "Finally, the graft loss rate (from either death or retransplantation for atherosclerosis) was significantly greater in the CMV group. " 11/01/1985 - "Improvement in the degree of angina and its recurrence after bypass surgery are closely related to graft patency and subsequent development of atherosclerosis in the grafts or in the native coronary arteries." 06/15/2010 - "In contrast, recent studies have identified bone marrow and peripheral blood-derived endothelial and VSMC progenitors that may contribute to intimal formation in atherosclerosis, after arterial injury and in transplant atherosclerosis. " 05/01/2010 - "The purpose of this review is to summarize current knowledge about the role of these cell cycle regulators in the development of native and graft atherosclerosis that has arisen from animal studies, histological examination of specimens from human patients, and genetic studies." Order ALL the reference details at left...
2.	Angioplasty (Angioplasties) 07/01/2010 - "CONCLUSION: All generic and disease-specific QOL scores show statistically significant improvement with angioplasty and/or supervised exercise in patients with claudication due to femoropopliteal atherosclerosis. " 02/01/2005 - "In the last 30 years, thousands of basic or clinical studies have been devoted to atherosclerosis or to the problem of restenosis after angioplasty. " 01/01/2004 - "An experimental study of surgical ultrasonic angioplasty: its effect on atherosclerosis and normal arteries." 03/01/2002 - "In February 2001, dosing was completed in phase II trials for the potential treatment and prevention of restenosis and atherosclerosis following angioplasty. " 09/01/1997 - "Despite the use of different experimental models, different forms of vascular injury, different methods of analysis and different definitions of arterial remodelling, all animal studies, with rare exceptions, have demonstrated the importance of remodelling in the maintenance of vascular patency in both atherogenesis and in restenosis following angioplasty. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
3.	Stents 10/01/2003 - "These data suggest that antecedent HSRA atheroma debulking using HSRA results in improved intravascular stent expansion and reduction in residual plaque, facilitating optimal stent deployment." 03/01/2007 - "Human studies suggest that high plasma HCII levels are protective against in-stent restenosis and atherosclerosis. " 09/01/2008 - "Endovascular treatment of symptomatic aortoiliac atherosclerosis at the aortoiliac bifurcation by means of a distal aortic stent or kissing stents can be used successfully with durable improvement in the majority of patients. " 08/01/2005 - "CONCLUSION: The efficacy of intracoronary stent implantation in treating severe atherosclerosis lesion in the segments proximal to the myocardial bridge is not affected by abnormal haemodynamic changes of myocardial bridges. " 08/01/2005 - "OBJECTIVE: To assess long term stent implantation efficacy of myocardial bridge and severe atherosclerosis lesions in the segments proximal to the myocardial bridge. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
4.	Balloon Angioplasty (Angioplasty, Transluminal) 05/01/1994 - "The drug may be useful for the treatment of vascular proliferative diseases such as restenosis following percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and atherosclerosis." 09/01/1982 - "These promising results suggest that transluminal angioplasty has a definite role in the management of atherosclerosis obliterans of iliac and femoropopliteal arteries." 07/01/1996 - "Newer devices that primarily remove atheroma have not improved outcome over that of balloon angioplasty. " 08/01/1993 - "The in vivo studies demonstrated that intravascular ultrasound can define atheroma lesions not evident on contrast angiography and permits detailed evaluation of the results of interventions such as balloon angioplasty. " 08/01/1992 - "Iliac atherosclerosis was produced in 50 New Zealand rabbits and followed by balloon angioplasty (BA) for the study of the mechanism of restenosis after BA. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
5.	Hormone Replacement Therapy (Therapy, Hormone Replacement) 11/09/2002 - "Hormone-replacement therapy (HRT) is more effective in healthy women (maintaining vascular health) than in older women with atherosclerosis (restoring endothelial dysfunction). " 08/01/2007 - "However, none of the randomized trials already conducted with hormone replacement therapy showed overall benefit by means of reducing clinical ischemic cardiovascular events and/or suppressing atherogenesis. " 04/01/2007 - "DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This was a cross-sectional study of 1973 postmenopausal women ages 45-84 yr, not taking hormone replacement therapy, in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis baseline examination. " 08/01/2003 - "A prospective evaluation of the risk of QT prolongation with hormone replacement therapy: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study." 01/01/2002 - "More than 50 observational studies indicate that postmenopausal use of hormone replacement therapy reduces atherosclerosis and cardiovascular events. " Order ALL the reference details at left...

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