Shaken Baby Syndrome

Brain injuries resulted from vigorous shaking of an infant or young child held by the chest, shoulders, or extremities causing extreme cranial acceleration. It is characterized by the intracranial and intraocular hemorrhages with no evident external trauma. Serious cases may result in death.

Networked: 77 relevant articles (1 outcomes, 4 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Vision Disorders (Hemeralopia)
2.	Hemorrhage
3.	Cysts
4.	Craniocerebral Trauma (Head Injury)
5.	Brain Diseases (Brain Disorder)

Experts

1.	Squier, Waney: 3 articles (10/2015 - 01/2008)
2.	Mizunuma, Hiroshi: 2 articles (11/2014 - 08/2014)
3.	Yamazaki, Junpei: 2 articles (11/2014 - 08/2014)
4.	Yoshida, Makoto: 2 articles (11/2014 - 08/2014)
5.	Talbert, D G: 2 articles (02/2009 - 01/2006)
6.	Levin, Alex V: 2 articles (09/2002 - 04/2002)
7.	Benzel, Edward C: 1 article (01/2022)
8.	Button, Keith D: 1 article (01/2022)
9.	Davison, Mark A: 1 article (01/2022)
10.	Rundell, Steve A: 1 article (01/2022)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Shaken Baby Syndrome:

1.	Retinaldehyde (Retinal)IBA 01/01/2021 - "The finding of retinal haemorrhages in a child admitted with a history of seizure should trigger a detailed search for other causes of those haemorrhages, especially shaken baby syndrome. " 04/01/2014 - "'Shaken baby syndrome', which has been described in human infants, is characterised by retinal and intracranial subdural haemorrhages, and has been associated with axonal injury to the brain, spinal cord and optic nerve. " 08/01/2013 - "Electroretinography combined with spectral domain optical coherence tomography to detect retinal damage in shaken baby syndrome." 11/01/2009 - "To determine the prevalence of retinal haemorrhages in infants presenting with convulsions and admitted to hospital, and to consider whether this finding indicates shaken baby syndrome. " 07/01/2009 - "Excessive bilateral retinal haemorrhages were found in only three children with the typical signs of shaken baby syndrome. "
2.	Glutamic Acid (Glutamate)FDA Link 07/01/2002 - "This study showed that shaking immature mice produced white matter injury mimicking several aspects of human shaken baby syndrome and provided evidence that excess release of glutamate plays a role in the pathophysiology of the lesions."
3.	Protons (Proton)IBA 01/01/1997 - "The purpose of this study was to use proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) as a metabolic assay to describe biochemical changes during the evolution of neuronal injury in infants after shaken baby syndrome (SBS), that explain the disparity between apparent physical injury and the neurological deficit after SBS. " 01/01/1997 - "Evidence from proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy for a metabolic cascade of neuronal damage in shaken baby syndrome."
4.	ElementsIBA 09/01/2007 - "Animal models such as the neonatal pig and computer models using finite element analysis are promising experimental techniques for studying shaken baby syndrome. " 04/01/2018 - "Development of a finite-element eye model to investigate retinal hemorrhages in shaken baby syndrome." 11/07/2014 - "A finite element analysis of the retinal hemorrhages accompanied by shaken baby syndrome/abusive head trauma." 04/01/2009 - "A finite element infant eye model to investigate retinal forces in shaken baby syndrome."
5.	Proteins (Proteins, Gene)FDA Link 02/01/2000 - "Optic nerve damage in shaken baby syndrome: detection by beta-amyloid precursor protein immunohistochemistry." 02/01/2010 - "Diffuse neuronal perikaryal amyloid precursor protein immunoreactivity in an ovine model of non-accidental head injury (the shaken baby syndrome)." 02/01/2000 - "beta-Amyloid precursor protein (beta-APP) immunohistochemistry recently has been shown to be a highly effective method for identifying diffuse axonal injury in the brains of infants with shaken baby syndrome. " 02/01/2000 - "beta-Amyloid precursor protein immunohistochemistry was performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of eyes (including optic disc and distal optic nerve) from infants less than 1 year of age with shaken baby syndrome (5 cases), combined shaken baby syndrome/blunt head trauma (3 cases), and "pure" blunt head trauma (1 case). "
6.	ParaffinIBA 02/01/1999 - "Archival formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded blocks from infants (<1 year old) with shaken baby syndrome (7 cases) and blunt head trauma (3) and blocks from 7 control cases that included nontraumatic cerebral edema (1), acute hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (1), and normal brain (5) were immunostained for beta-APP. " 02/01/2000 - "beta-Amyloid precursor protein immunohistochemistry was performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of eyes (including optic disc and distal optic nerve) from infants less than 1 year of age with shaken baby syndrome (5 cases), combined shaken baby syndrome/blunt head trauma (3 cases), and "pure" blunt head trauma (1 case). "
7.	Indicators and Reagents (Reagents)IBA 04/01/2002 - "Retinal hemorrhages are an important indicator of Shaken Baby syndrome. " 01/01/2009 - "Respondents believed a decubital ulcer (bedsore) was a positive indicator (83.5%) of abuse/neglect and 92.8% indicated that the elderly could suffer from injuries similar to "shaken-baby syndrome". "
8.	Formaldehyde (Formol)FDA Link 02/01/1999 - "Archival formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded blocks from infants (<1 year old) with shaken baby syndrome (7 cases) and blunt head trauma (3) and blocks from 7 control cases that included nontraumatic cerebral edema (1), acute hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (1), and normal brain (5) were immunostained for beta-APP. " 02/01/2000 - "beta-Amyloid precursor protein immunohistochemistry was performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of eyes (including optic disc and distal optic nerve) from infants less than 1 year of age with shaken baby syndrome (5 cases), combined shaken baby syndrome/blunt head trauma (3 cases), and "pure" blunt head trauma (1 case). "
9.	Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor)IBA 01/01/2023 - "Shaken baby syndrome in an infant treated for retinopathy of prematurity with anti-VEGF injection."
10.	RiluzoleFDA LinkGeneric 09/01/1998 - "Tirilazad widens the therapeutic window for riluzole-induced attenuation of progressive cortical degeneration in an infant rat model of the shaken baby syndrome."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Vitreoretinal Surgery 08/01/2005 - "In this study, we report on our experience and results of vitreoretinal surgery for treatment of pre-macular hemorrhagic cyst in eyes of patients suffering from Terson's syndrome and shaken baby syndrome. " 08/01/2005 - "Indication for vitreoretinal surgery was pre-macular hemorrhagic cyst in eyes with Terson's syndrome (n=5) and shaken baby syndrome (n=2). "
2.	Vitrectomy 01/01/2016 - "Intraoperative hand-held optical coherence tomography may be important when performing vitrectomy for nonclearing vitreous hemorrhage in shaken baby syndrome." 01/01/2008 - "To describe an infant with shaken baby syndrome and a traumatic macular hole treated with pars plana vitrectomy and gas tamponade. " 01/01/2008 - "Traumatic macular hole in shaken baby syndrome successfully treated with pars plicata vitrectomy and gas tamponade." 07/01/1996 - "A retrospective study was performed to examine the relationship between the severity of vitreous hemorrhages and the severity of neurological injury in infants with shaken baby syndrome, and the result of early vitrectomy in these infants. " 01/01/2016 - "To describe a case of vitrectomy for nonclearing vitreous hemorrhage in shaken baby syndrome and the utility of intraoperative hand-held optical coherence tomography to distinguish a macular hole from a pseudo-hole. "
3.	Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) 02/01/2009 - "The original (1993) definition of Shaken Baby Syndrome (SBS) specifies a group of infants with a history of dysphagia, presenting in a comatose state with respiratory difficulty progressing to apnoea or bradycardia requiring cardiopulmonary resuscitation. " 01/01/2001 - "After a short review of the non-traumatic, and rare, causes of vitreoretinal hemorrhages in infants, we analyze the 4 situations where a traumatic hemorrhage can be found: accidental head trauma, which has to be very severe and is then an unfrequent etiology, head trauma in child abuse or the so-called "shaken baby syndrome", which is the most frequent cause, and where we point out the key role of the ophthalmologist in the diagnosis and the prognostic evaluation, the perinatal trauma, which is a frequent, benign, and ephemeral cause, and finally, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, which is a controversial and unlikely cause." 03/05/1996 - "A morphometrical analysis of retinal hemorrhages was performed in cases of physical child abuse including the shaken baby syndrome and in controls (severe head injury, intravital brain death, non-traumatic intracranial hemorrhage, SIDS including cardiopulmonary resuscitation). "
4.	Craniotomy 06/01/2015 - "Surgeries such as Subdural hemorrhage (SDH) evacuation surgery and the Burr hole craniotomy are used to treat Shaken Baby Syndrome; however, the prognosis is poor in many cases. " 10/01/2015 - "We critically review the current literature and discuss challenges related to neurodevelopment, cerebral edema, lissencephaly, polymicrogyria, hydrocephaly, craniectomy, spinal cord injury, tumor growth, traumatic brain injury, and shaken baby syndrome. "
5.	Secondary Prevention 09/01/1995 - "3. Health care providers are in a strategic position to offer primary and secondary prevention interventions, to identify families at risk, and to recognize victims of Shaken Baby syndrome."