Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis

A form of arboviral encephalitis (primarily affecting equines) endemic to eastern regions of North America. The causative organism (ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS, EASTERN EQUINE) may be transmitted to humans via the bite of AEDES mosquitoes. Clinical manifestations include the acute onset of fever, HEADACHE, altered mentation, and SEIZURES followed by coma. The condition is fatal in up to 50% of cases. Recovery may be marked by residual neurologic deficits and EPILEPSY. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp9-10)

Also Known As:

Networked: 149 relevant articles (2 outcomes, 9 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	St. Louis Encephalitis
2.	Virus Diseases (Viral Diseases)
3.	Rabies (Hydrophobia)
4.	Poliomyelitis (Polio)
5.	Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis

Experts

1.	Weaver, Scott C: 9 articles (01/2021 - 09/2005)
2.	Wang, Eryu: 7 articles (08/2017 - 09/2005)
3.	Mukerji, Shibani S: 3 articles (01/2021 - 01/2016)
4.	Pedersen, Kerri: 3 articles (08/2017 - 12/2014)
5.	Reed, Douglas S: 3 articles (10/2014 - 08/2007)
6.	Solomon, Isaac H: 2 articles (01/2021 - 01/2017)
7.	Dupuy, Lesley C: 2 articles (10/2019 - 06/2012)
8.	Tesh, Robert B: 2 articles (10/2016 - 09/2005)
9.	Brittain, David C: 2 articles (02/2016 - 08/2015)
10.	Oliver, JoAnne: 2 articles (02/2016 - 08/2015)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis:

1.	Antiviral Agents (Antivirals)IBA 12/01/2023 - "Efficacy of a brain-penetrant antiviral in lethal Venezuelan and eastern equine encephalitis mouse models." 01/01/2021 - "Most alphaviruses that are infectious to terrestrial animals and humans, such as Venezuelan and eastern equine encephalitis viruses (VEEV and EEEV), lack efficient antiviral drugs and it is imperative to develop these remedies. " 05/01/1996 - "Antiviral activity of rybamidil (virasol) and interferon inducers ridostine and camedone developed in Russia and introduced in practical medicine has been studied in mice with experimentally induced arboviral infections, flavivirus (tick-borne encephalitis-TBE, and yellow fever-YF) and alphavirus ones (Western and Eastern equine encephalomyelitis-WEE and EEE). " 06/01/1956 - "The antiviral activity of acridines in eastern equine encephalomyelitis, Rift Valley fever and psittacosis in mice, and lymphogranuloma venereum in chick-embryos."
2.	Poly I-CIBA 09/01/2005 - "Mice pretreated with poly(I-C), a nonspecific IFN inducer, exhibited dose-dependent protection against fatal eastern equine encephalitis, further evidence that IFN is important in controlling disease. "
3.	EnzymesIBA 09/01/1987 - "A prospective field study was conducted to determine the sensitivity and specificity of an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) compared to virus isolation in cell culture for the detection of eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) virus in naturally infected mosquitoes. " 05/01/1986 - "An enzyme immunoassay (EIA) was evaluated for its efficacy at detecting eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) virus in avian blood and brain specimens. " 09/01/1984 - "Enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) producing either chromogenic or fluorogenic end products were developed and evaluated for detection of eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) and Highlands J (HJ) viruses in pools of Aedes triseriatus mosquitoes. " 05/01/1986 - "Detection of eastern equine encephalomyelitis viral antigen in avian blood by enzyme immunoassay: a laboratory study." 09/01/1984 - "Enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) for eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) and Highlands J (HJ) virus antigens were compared in a retrospective study with standard virus isolation procedures (VIP) for detection of alpha virus-infected mosquito pools. "
4.	AntigensIBA 10/01/2015 - "Production of a Sindbis/Eastern Equine Encephalitis chimeric virus inactivated cell culture antigen." 01/01/2005 - "Additionally, 14 pools of An. crucians complex tested positive for Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) virus antigen. " 12/01/2003 - "Sensitivity of the VecTest antigen assay for eastern equine encephalitis and western equine encephalitis viruses." 01/01/2003 - "There was no evidence of cross-reaction when tested with high concentrations of heterologous flavivirus antigens or with Eastern equine encephalitis or Western equine encephalitis viruses. " 10/01/1988 - "Sensitivity and specificity of an antigen-capture ELISA vs virus isolation in cell culture were evaluated for the detection of eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) virus in the brain tissue of naturally infected equids. "
5.	Monoclonal AntibodiesIBA 04/01/1990 - "Identification of monoclonal antibodies capable of differentiating antigenic varieties of eastern equine encephalitis viruses." 01/01/1994 - "The hemagglutination (HA) domains of the Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) and the eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) viruses providing the interaction of virions and red blood cells were studied with the use of a panel of 17 hemagglutination inhibition (HI) monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). " 11/01/1991 - "The receptor region for virus-cell interaction in Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) and Eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) viruses was studied using a panel of 17 monoclonal antibodies (MCA). " 05/01/1993 - "Thirty-three monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) interacting with the structural proteins of Eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) virus were prepared. " 04/01/1990 - "We have isolated and characterized 3 monoclonal antibody (Mab) reagents useful in the serological identification of varieties of eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) viruses. "
6.	Formaldehyde (Formol)FDA Link 04/01/1996 - "Eastern equine encephalomyelitis (F.EE) virus was detected in infected formalin-fixed horse and emu tissues and in infected chicken embryo fibroblasts. " 10/01/1987 - "As a possible strategy to protect whooping cranes (Grus americana) from fatal eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) viral infection, studies were conducted to determine the immune response of this species and sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis) to a formalin-inactivated EEE viral vaccine. " 04/01/1996 - "An immunohistochemical (IHC) assay was developed for the detection of eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) virus antigen in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. "
7.	Viral AntigensIBA 06/01/1999 - "The brain of a 7-year-old boy who died of eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) was examined by immunohistochemical and ultrastructural techniques to detect the presence and distribution of viral antigen. " 05/01/1986 - "Detection of eastern equine encephalomyelitis viral antigen in avian blood by enzyme immunoassay: a laboratory study."
8.	EpitopesIBA 01/01/1996 - "Glycoproteins E2 of the Venezuelan and eastern equine encephalomyelitis viruses contain multiple cross-reactive epitopes." 05/01/1994 - "We have used eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) virus as a model to examine the differential expression of alpha-galactosyl epitopes on the glycoproteins of virus propagated in cells that either produce or lack alpha 1,3GT. " 01/01/1996 - "Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) with sixty types of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) was used to study cross-reactive epitopes on the attenuated and virulent strains of the Eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) and Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) viruses. "
9.	Viral VaccinesIBA 10/01/1987 - "As a possible strategy to protect whooping cranes (Grus americana) from fatal eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) viral infection, studies were conducted to determine the immune response of this species and sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis) to a formalin-inactivated EEE viral vaccine. "
10.	Attenuated VaccinesIBA 10/01/2019 - "These studies demonstrate the proof of concept for using the SAM platform to streamline the development of effective attenuated vaccines against VEEV and closely related alphavirus pathogens such as western and eastern equine encephalitis and Chikungunya viruses."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Anesthesia 05/31/1947 - "INFLUENCE OF ANESTHESIA ON EXPERIMENTAL NEUROTROPIC VIRUS INFECTIONS : II. IN VITRO STUDIES WITH THE VIRUSES OF WESTERN AND EASTERN EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS, ST. LOUIS ENCEPHALITIS, POLIOMYELITIS (LANSING), AND RABIES." 09/30/1946 - "INFLUENCE OF ANESTHESIA ON EXPERIMENTAL NEUROTROPIC VIRUS INFECTIONS : I. IN VIVO STUDIES WITH THE VIRUSES OF WESTERN AND EASTERN EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS, ST. LOUIS ENCEPHALITIS, POLIOMYELITIS (LANSING), AND RABIES." 05/31/1947 - "1. Experimental neurotropic virus infections previously shown to be altered by ether anesthesia are caused by viruses destroyed in vitro by anesthetic ether; this group includes the viruses of Eastern equine encephalomyelitis, Western equine encephalomyelitis, and St. Louis encephalitis. "
2.	Injections 02/01/1972 - "[Studies on the pathogenesis of eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) in the mouse after injections of virus]."
3.	Therapeutics 01/01/2023 - "We identified 21 patients on recent rituximab therapy who were diagnosed with an arboviral disease caused by West Nile, tick-borne encephalitis, eastern equine encephalitis, Cache Valley, Jamestown Canyon, and Powassan viruses. " 01/01/2021 - "Eastern equine encephalitis and use of IV immunoglobulin therapy and high-dose steroids."
4.	Immunotherapy 02/13/2001 - "A case of immunotherapy-responsive eastern equine encephalitis with diffusion-weighted imaging."
5.	Aftercare (After-Treatment) 01/01/2021 - "To determine the clinical presentation and patient outcomes after treatment with IV immunoglobulin (IVIG), high-dose steroids, or standard of care alone in Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE), a mosquito-borne viral infection with significant neurologic morbidity and mortality. "