Cranial Nerve Injuries

Dysfunction of one or more cranial nerves causally related to a traumatic injury. Penetrating and nonpenetrating CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; NECK INJURIES; and trauma to the facial region are conditions associated with cranial nerve injuries.

Also Known As:

Cranial Neuropathies, Traumatic; Cranial Nerve Injury; Cranial Neuropathy, Traumatic; Injuries, Cranial Nerve; Injury, Cranial Nerve; Nerve Injuries, Cranial; Nerve Injury, Cranial; Neuropathies, Traumatic Cranial; Neuropathy, Traumatic Cranial; Traumatic Cranial Neuropathies; Traumatic Cranial Neuropathy

Networked: 118 relevant articles (4 outcomes, 11 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Wounds and Injuries (Trauma)
2.	Neoplasms (Cancer)
3.	Carotid Body Tumor
4.	Paraganglioma (Paragangliomas)
5.	Glomus Jugulare Tumor

Experts

1.	Mohammadi, Siamak: 2 articles (04/2022 - 01/2022)
2.	Panagides, Vassili: 2 articles (04/2022 - 01/2022)
3.	Rodés-Cabau, Josep: 2 articles (04/2022 - 01/2022)
4.	Calio', Francesco G: 2 articles (10/2020 - 04/2017)
5.	Illuminati, Giulio: 2 articles (10/2020 - 04/2017)
6.	Pizzardi, Giulia: 2 articles (10/2020 - 04/2017)
7.	Ricco, Jean-Baptiste: 2 articles (10/2020 - 04/2017)
8.	Nolan, Brian W: 2 articles (01/2020 - 01/2018)
9.	Schermerhorn, Marc L: 2 articles (01/2020 - 01/2018)
10.	Impedovo, Giovanni: 2 articles (08/2019 - 01/2009)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Cranial Nerve Injuries:

1.	Nimodipine (Modus)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2019 - "To conduct a systematic review of the usage of nimodipine in cranial nerve injury and to perform a meta-analysis to estimate the efficacy of nimodipine on functional recovery of the injured cranial nerves. " 01/01/2019 - "Human studies that used nimodipine as a monotherapy for treating cranial nerve injury were included for review. " 01/01/2018 - "The calcium channel antagonist nimodipine improves functional recovery after experimental nerve injury and also after cranial nerve injury in patients. "
2.	Hormones (Hormone)IBA 10/13/2021 - "Paragangliomas (PGLs) are benign hypervascular tumors that can develop in head and neck at different locations, primarily in the carotid bifurcation, jugular bulb, tympanic plexus, and vagal ganglia.1 Different gene mutations have been linked to the familial inherited forms, which can represent approximately 30% of all PGLs.1,2 These are classified into 5 different clinical syndromes: PGL 1 to 5.1 These patients have increased risk for synchronous and metachronous lesions requiring an extensive work-up for hormone secretion and other associated neoplasms, as well as attentive follow-up for lifelong management.1,3 Surgical resection is the best treatment option as it can be curative when the resection is total.2-4 Preservation of the lower cranial nerve function is central to the management of head and neck PGLs, given the gravity of bilateral injuries.3 Irradiation therapy should be considered if the risk for bilateral lower cranial nerve injuries is high.5 Surgically, intrabulbar resection with preservation of the medial wall of the jugular bulb protects the lower cranial nerve function.3 Other technical finesses, including maintaining the facial nerve in its bony fallopian canal (facial bridge), avoiding carotid artery sacrifice, preservation of the ear canal, and preoperative embolization, contributed markedly to outcome improvement.2,3 We report a case of a 34-yr-old male with PGL 3 with a left glomus jugulare tumor that recurred and a right carotid body tumor. "
3.	Dexamethasone (Maxidex)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2009 - "Perioperative administration of dexamethasone is effective in minimizing the incidence of temporary cranial nerve injuries during CEA." 01/01/2009 - "In addition, dexamethasone had no statistically significant effect on the incidence of permanent cranial nerve injuries. " 01/01/2009 - "To evaluate whether dexamethasone is able to reduce the incidence of cranial nerve injuries. " 01/01/2009 - "Dexamethasone minimizes the risk of cranial nerve injury during CEA."
4.	Nerve Growth Factor (NGF)IBA 05/01/2015 - " any study published in English or Chinese referring to randomized controlled trials of nerve growth factor; patients with neurological diseases such as peripheral nerve injury, central nerve injury, cranial neuropathy, and nervous system infections; patients older than 7 years; similar research methods and outcomes assessing symptoms; and measurement of nerve conduction velocities. "
5.	yttrium-aluminum-garnetIBA 01/01/2022 - "Limited evidence from in vitro, animal, and human studies suggests infrared laser energy may positively influence recovery after peripheral or cranial nerve injury, although clinical effects of neodymiumdoped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) lasers remain unstudied in this context. "
6.	Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies (ANCA)IBA 03/19/2013 - "The disease should be considered in elderly patients with headache, cranial nerve injury and positive p-ANCA. "
7.	Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors (HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors)IBA 01/01/2018 - "After CEA, there was significant variation in the rates of cranial nerve injuries (asymptomatic, 0.9%-4.9% [P < .01]; symptomatic, 1.5%-7.7% [P < .01]), return to the operating room (asymptomatic, 0.9%-3.4% [P < .01]; symptomatic, 0.6%-3.4% [P = .02]), and discharge on antiplatelet and statin (asymptomatic, 75%-87% [P < .01]; symptomatic, 78%-91% [P < .01]). "
8.	General AnestheticsIBA 02/01/2000 - "Patients undergoing CEA in which a regional anesthetic was used had a significantly lower incidence of cardiopulmonary complications (myocardial infarction and postoperative intubation), cervical complications (neck hematomas and cranial nerve injuries), and urological complications (urinary retention) than patients who underwent surgery after receiving a general anesthetic. "
9.	Tacrolimus (Prograf)FDA LinkGeneric 09/01/2011 - "Local tacrolimus delivery to the site of nerve repair in peripheral and cranial nerve injury is less effective but requires further investigation. "
10.	Calcitonin Gene-Related PeptideIBA 03/01/1993 - "However, our results strengthen the premise that an increased of calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivity serves as a reliable index for predicting nerve regeneration/reinnervation after cranial nerve injury."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 10/01/2016 - "Cranial nerve injury is associated with dual antiplatelet therapy use and cervical hematoma after carotid endarterectomy." 01/01/2011 - "Although microvascular decompression (MVD) is the only etiological therapy for TN with the highest initial efficacy and durability of all treatments, it is nonetheless associated with special risks (cerebellar hematoma, cranial nerve injury, stroke, and death) not seen with the commonly performed ablative procedures. " 10/13/2021 - "Paragangliomas (PGLs) are benign hypervascular tumors that can develop in head and neck at different locations, primarily in the carotid bifurcation, jugular bulb, tympanic plexus, and vagal ganglia.1 Different gene mutations have been linked to the familial inherited forms, which can represent approximately 30% of all PGLs.1,2 These are classified into 5 different clinical syndromes: PGL 1 to 5.1 These patients have increased risk for synchronous and metachronous lesions requiring an extensive work-up for hormone secretion and other associated neoplasms, as well as attentive follow-up for lifelong management.1,3 Surgical resection is the best treatment option as it can be curative when the resection is total.2-4 Preservation of the lower cranial nerve function is central to the management of head and neck PGLs, given the gravity of bilateral injuries.3 Irradiation therapy should be considered if the risk for bilateral lower cranial nerve injuries is high.5 Surgically, intrabulbar resection with preservation of the medial wall of the jugular bulb protects the lower cranial nerve function.3 Other technical finesses, including maintaining the facial nerve in its bony fallopian canal (facial bridge), avoiding carotid artery sacrifice, preservation of the ear canal, and preoperative embolization, contributed markedly to outcome improvement.2,3 We report a case of a 34-yr-old male with PGL 3 with a left glomus jugulare tumor that recurred and a right carotid body tumor. "
2.	Denervation 05/01/2010 - "This article briefly reviews the anatomy of the extracranial course of motor cranial nerves with particular emphasis on the muscles supplied by each nerve, the imaging features of the various stages of denervation, the different patterns of denervation that maybe helpful in the topographic diagnosis of nerve lesions and the most common causes of cranial nerve injuries leading to denervation." 05/01/2010 - "Denervation changes maybe the first sign of a cranial nerve injury. "
3.	Carotid Endarterectomy 12/01/2022 - "The aim of the study was to investigate long-term patient consequences of cranial nerve injury (CNI) caused by carotid endarterectomy (CEA) in patients with identified CNI at the 30-day follow-up. " 02/10/2021 - "The Carotid Endarterectomy Cadaveric Investigation for Cranial Nerve Injuries: Anatomical Study." 08/01/2015 - "Although numerous studies have described the incidence of postoperative cranial nerve injury (CNI) after carotid endarterectomy (CEA), there have been few attempts to identify risk factors for this complication. " 01/01/2007 - "In the recent prospective randomised trials on carotid endarterectomy (CEA), the incidence of cranial nerve injuries (CNI) are reported to be higher than in previously published studies. " 01/01/2023 - "However, the carotid stenting was superior to the carotid endarterectomy in the events of cranial nerve injury during the intervention."
4.	Endarterectomy (Thromboendarterectomy) 05/01/2015 - "Incidence, outcomes, and effect on quality of life of cranial nerve injury in the Carotid Revascularization Endarterectomy versus Stenting Trial." 06/01/2007 - "Cranial-nerve injury was more common after endarterectomy than after stenting. " 10/19/2006 - "Cranial-nerve injury was more common after endarterectomy than after stenting. " 10/01/2004 - "The objective of this prospective study was to evaluate the incidence and distribution of cranial nerve injuries after carotid eversion endarterectomy (EEA) performed under regional anaesthesia using a transverse skin incision. " 10/01/2004 - "Incidence of cranial nerve injuries after carotid eversion endarterectomy with a transverse skin incision under regional anaesthesia."
5.	Neck Dissection (Radical Neck Dissection) 01/01/2023 - "In this study, use of neuromuscular blockade intraoperatively during neck dissection was not associated with increased rates of iatrogenic cranial nerve injury. " 01/01/2023 - "We examined the association between the use of intraoperative neuromuscular blockade and iatrogenic cranial nerve injury during neck dissection. " 01/01/2023 - "Cranial nerve injury is an uncommon but significant complication of neck dissection. " 06/01/2005 - "Certain patient subsets, including those with severe cardiac and pulmonary disease and those with local/anatomic risk factors (including recurrent stenosis following CEA, cervical radiation therapy, prior radical neck dissection, and surgically inaccessible lesions) are at increased risk of stroke, cranial nerve injury and non-Q myocardial infarction following CEA, and may be better served by carotid angioplasty and stenting (CAS). " 01/01/2023 - "All 851 patients were considered to be at high risk for CEA and were included and stratified using high-risk anatomic criteria (ie, contralateral occlusion, tandem stenosis, high cervical artery stenosis, restenosis after previous endarterectomy, bilateral carotid stenting, hostile neck anatomy with previous neck irradiation, neck dissection, cervical spine immobility) or high-risk physiologic criteria (ie, age >75 years, multivessel coronary artery disease, history of angina, congestive heart failure New York Heart Association class III/IV, left ventricular ejection fraction <30%, recent MI, severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, permanent contralateral cranial nerve injury, chronic renal insufficiency). "