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Postpartum Depression (Post-Natal Depression)

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Depression in POSTPARTUM WOMEN, usually within four weeks after giving birth (PARTURITION). The degree of depression ranges from mild transient depression to neurotic or psychotic depressive disorders. (From DSM-IV, p386)

Also Known As:

Post-Natal Depression; Postnatal Depression; Depression, Postpartum; Post-Partum Depression; Depression, Post-Natal; Depression, Post-Partum; Depression, Postnatal; Post Natal Depression; Post Partum Depression

Networked: 384 relevant articles (14 outcomes, 70 trials/studies) for this Disease, Comments

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Depressive Disorder (Melancholia)
2.	Mood Disorders (Mood Disorder)
3.	Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders (Insomnia)
4.	Hypersensitivity (Allergy)
5.	Headache (Headaches)

Experts

1.	Wisner, Katherine L: 7 articles (11/2009 - 08/2006)
2.	Dennis, Cindy-Lee: 6 articles (12/2009 - 03/2003)
3.	Logsdon, M Cynthia: 5 articles (01/2009 - 12/2003)
4.	Hanusa, Barbara H: 5 articles (01/2009 - 12/2003)
5.	Moses-Kolko, Eydie L: 4 articles (09/2009 - 01/2004)
6.	Corwin, Elizabeth J: 4 articles (11/2008 - 12/2003)
7.	Horowitz, June Andrews: 4 articles (03/2006 - 01/2004)
8.	Perry, Deborah F: 3 articles (04/2010 - 02/2009)
9.	Le, Huynh-Nhu: 3 articles (04/2010 - 03/2009)
10.	Ross, Lori E: 3 articles (12/2009 - 01/2008)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Postpartum Depression:

1.	Estrogens (Estrogen)FDA Link 07/01/2003 - "Although the data are still preliminary, it could be concluded that the estrogens can be useful in the treatment of postpartum depression and menopause related depression, especially if surgically induced. " 12/01/2002 - "Estrogen appears somewhat helpful for postpartum depression, but its use is limited by problematic medical sequelae. " 10/01/2005 - "Clinical recovery from depression postpartum, perimenopause, and postmenopause through restoration of stable/optimal levels of estrogen has been noted." 07/01/1996 - "Estrogen for postnatal depression." 09/01/2003 - "METHODS: The medical literature on postpartum depression treatment was reviewed by searching MEDLINE and Current Contents using such key terms as "postpartum depression," "treatment," "therapy," "psychotherapy," and "breastfeeding." Results and CONCLUSIONS: There is evidence that postpartum depression improves with antidepressant drug therapy, estrogen, individual psychotherapy, nurse home visits, and possibly group therapy. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
2.	Tuberculin (PPD)IBA 08/30/2008 - "PURPOSE: To examine the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for the prevention of postpartum depression (PPD) in "at risk" women. " 03/01/2006 - "BACKGROUND: Despite growing awareness of postpartum depression (PPD), screening is not yet standard care and evidence that screening produces improved health outcomes remains limited. " 09/01/2009 - "A systematic review of post-partum depression (PPD) was undertaken to check how the issue is being addressed and the presence of nurses involved in such studies. " 08/01/2009 - "The aims of this study were to identify the frequency of the risk factors for postpartum depression (PPD) listed in the Postpartum Depression Predictors Inventory-Revised (PDPI-R) during pregnancy and 1 month after delivery and to determine the predictive validity of the PDPI-R. " 04/01/2009 - "In this article, we apply a relational lens to a grounded theory meta-data-analysis of qualitative studies on postpartum depression (PPD) conducted between 1999 and 2005. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
3.	Antidepressive Agents (Antidepressants)IBA 12/01/2002 - "Several antidepressants are effective for postpartum depression and appear safe for use by breastfeeding women. " 09/01/2005 - "Despite the prevalence of postpartum depression, few studies have assessed the efficacy of antidepressants for the treatment of this disorder. " 12/01/2008 - "Women's views and experiences of antidepressants as a treatment for postnatal depression: a qualitative study." 01/01/2001 - "However, more trials with a longer follow-up period are needed to compare different antidepressants in the treatment of postnatal depression, and to compare antidepressant treatment with psychosocial interventions. " 12/01/2008 - "BACKGROUND: Antidepressants are frequently prescribed by GPs for postnatal depression (PND). " Order ALL the reference details at left...
4.	Estradiol (Estrace)FDA LinkGeneric 09/01/2009 - "Transdermal estradiol for postpartum depression: a promising treatment option." 06/01/2009 - "Psychiatrists fail to use transdermal estradiol for postnatal depression, premenstrual depression and perimenopausal depression in spite of randomized trials demonstrating their efficacy. " 05/01/2001 - "CONCLUSION: This preliminary study shows that depression symptoms may be rapidly reduced in patients with postpartum depression who have documented estradiol deficiency by treatment with 17beta-estradiol and suggests that estradiol can have significance in the pathophysiology of this condition and may be an option in the treatment of women vulnerable to postpartum depression." 05/01/2001 - "To evaluate the association between estradiol and postpartum depression, we measured serum estradiol concentration and performed an open-label study of physiologic 17beta-estradiol. " 07/01/2001 - "Estradiol alleviates depressive-like symptoms in a novel animal model of post-partum depression." Order ALL the reference details at left...
5.	Fluoxetine (Prozac)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2001 - "Appleby et al (1997) reported that Fluoxetine was significantly more effective than placebo and, after an initial session of counselling, as effective as a full course of cognitive-behavioural counselling in the treatment of postnatal depression. " 01/01/2001 - "REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: Women with postnatal depression can be effectively treated with fluoxetine, which is as effective as a course of cognitive-behavioural counselling in the short-term. " 03/29/1997 - "A controlled study of fluoxetine and cognitive-behavioural counselling in the treatment of postnatal depression." 08/01/1993 - "Fluoxetine treatment of postpartum depression." 11/01/2003 - "METHODS: Maternal and infant transporter blockade was assessed by measurement of platelet 5-HT in 11 breastfeeding mother-infant pairs before and after 4 to 12 weeks of maternal fluoxetine (20-40 mg/d) treatment for postpartum depression. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
6.	Cocaine (Cocaine HCl)IBA 05/01/2007 - "Prenatal cocaine exposure may serve to suppress or buffer the effects of postpartum depression on infant neurobehavior. " 08/01/1994 - "Risk factors for infant development are considered in three areas: infant temperament, postpartum depression, and prenatal cocaine exposure. " 05/01/2007 - "Four groups were derived from the total sample: 385 prenatally cocaine-exposed infants, 76 whose mothers reported current postpartum depression (DEP/COC) and 309 without current postpartum depression (nonDEP/COC); 668 infants were not exposed to cocaine, 104 whose mothers reported current postpartum depression (DEP/nonCOC), 564 without current postpartum depression (nonDEP/nonCOC). " 01/01/2006 - "Related and accompanying mental illnesses in these case histories including traumatic brain injury, headache, suicidal ideation, anxiety, irritability, insomnia, postpartum depression, cocaine, alcohol and tobacco abuse, hypersensitivity to calcium, short-term memory loss and IQ loss were also benefited. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
7.	Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)FDA Link 11/01/2006 - "CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that moderate consumption of riboflavin may be protective against postpartum depression." 10/01/2009 - "Risk factors for postpartum depression were clustered into five major groups: biological/physical (e.g., riboflavin consumption), psychological (e.g., antenatal depression), obstetric/paediatric (e.g., unwanted pregnancy), socio-demographic (e.g., poverty), and cultural factors (e.g., preference of infants' gender). " 11/01/2006 - "Compared with riboflavin intake in the first quartile, only riboflavin consumption in the third quartile was independently related to a decreased risk of postpartum depression (multivariate odds ratio: 0.53, 95% CI: 0.29-0.95, P for trend=0.55). " Order ALL the reference details at left...
8.	Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors (Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors)IBA 11/01/2003 - "Although selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are effective in treating postpartum depression, concerns have been raised regarding their use in lactating women. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
9.	Lorazepam (Ativan)FDA LinkGeneric 04/01/2004 - "In addition, it was found that intramuscular injection of lorazepam was also effective in patients with catatonic features and post-partum depression or psychosis." Order ALL the reference details at left...
10.	CalciumIBA 01/01/2006 - "Related and accompanying mental illnesses in these case histories including traumatic brain injury, headache, suicidal ideation, anxiety, irritability, insomnia, postpartum depression, cocaine, alcohol and tobacco abuse, hypersensitivity to calcium, short-term memory loss and IQ loss were also benefited. " Order ALL the reference details at left...

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Massage (Reflexology) 03/01/2001 - "CONCLUSION: This study suggests that learning the practice of infant massage by mothers is an effective treatment for facilitating mother-infant interaction in mothers with postnatal depression." 07/01/2008 - "The current study further investigates any benefits of baby massage for mothers with postnatal depression and their infants. " 12/01/2009 - "Pregnancy massage reduces prematurity, low birthweight and postpartum depression." 11/01/2008 - "[Psychomotricity and postpartum depression, when massage creates bonds]" 07/01/2008 - "METHODS: Mothers scoring (3)13 on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) at 4 weeks postpartum were randomly assigned to attend baby massage classes (n=31) or a support group (n=31). " Order ALL the reference details at left...
2.	Contraception (Birth Control) 03/01/1995 - "Women with PMS exhibited a significantly greater frequency of postpartum depression (43% versus 12%), past birth control pill use (91.6% versus 45.9%), alcohol use (39.5% versus 14.8%) and drug use (48.4% versus 14.1%) than did the controls respectively; all p values were < 0.05). " 10/01/1995 - "Instruction about care of the perineum and breasts, the possibility of postpartum depression, resumption of sexual intercourse, contraception, diet and exercise is appropriate in the postpartum period. " 09/01/2004 - "RESULTS: In the 1999 search, of 671 studies identified, 140 studies were randomized controlled trials that met the selection criteria: 41 studies related to breastfeeding, 33 to postpartum perineal pain management, and 63 to 11 other key topic areas (Papanicolaou test, rubella immunization, contraception, postpartum support, early discharge, postpartum depression and anxiety, postpartum medical disorders, smoking cessation, nutrition supplements other than breastfeeding, effects of pelvic floor exercise, and effects of early newborn contact). " Order ALL the reference details at left...
3.	Intramuscular Injections 04/01/2004 - "In addition, it was found that intramuscular injection of lorazepam was also effective in patients with catatonic features and post-partum depression or psychosis." Order ALL the reference details at left...
4.	Cesarean Section (Caesarean Section) 03/01/2006 - "Meta-analyses of suitable studies failed to find evidence for a significant association between cesarean section and postpartum depression. " 03/01/2006 - "With only one exception, methodologically superior studies found either no significant association or mixed evidence for an association between cesarean section and postpartum depression. " 03/01/2006 - "RESULTS: Of the 24 studies that have examined the association between cesarean section and postpartum depression, five found a significant adverse association, 15 found no significant association, and four found mixed results. " 03/01/2006 - "OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to examine the evidence for an association between cesarean section and postpartum depression. " 02/01/2004 - "The aim of the study was to review if experiencing a traumatic birth, in the form of caesarean section or assisted vaginal births, increases the risk of developing postnatal depression. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
5.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 10/01/2005 - "This article reviews clinically relevant outcomes and current trends in the pharmacotherapy of postpartum depression from selected clinical trials. " 11/01/2009 - "Pharmacotherapy of postpartum depression." 10/01/2005 - "Pharmacotherapy of postpartum depression: current practice and future directions." 10/01/2002 - "Pharmacotherapy of postpartum depression." 01/01/2000 - "Women with postpartum depression appear to be significantly more likely than the nonpostpartum women to present with anxious features, take longer to respond to pharmacotherapy for depression, and require more antidepressant agents at the time of response to treatment." Order ALL the reference details at left...

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