Leukostasis

Abnormal intravascular leukocyte aggregation and clumping often seen in leukemia patients. The brain and lungs are the two most commonly affected organs. This acute syndrome requires aggressive cytoreductive modalities including chemotherapy and/or leukophoresis. It is differentiated from LEUKEMIC INFILTRATION which is a neoplastic process where leukemic cells invade organs.

Also Known As:

Networked: 374 relevant articles (27 outcomes, 35 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Leukemia
2.	Diabetic Retinopathy (Retinopathy, Diabetic)
3.	Ischemia
4.	Hyperglycemia
5.	Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)

Experts

1.	Kern, Timothy S: 18 articles (10/2021 - 09/2004)
2.	Du, Yunpeng: 9 articles (10/2021 - 02/2007)
3.	Tang, Jie: 7 articles (10/2021 - 04/2010)
4.	Ma, Jian-Xing: 6 articles (01/2020 - 11/2012)
5.	Hu, Yang: 6 articles (07/2014 - 08/2009)
6.	Adamis, Anthony P: 6 articles (02/2007 - 03/2003)
7.	Steinle, Jena J: 5 articles (11/2020 - 04/2012)
8.	Chen, Qian: 5 articles (01/2020 - 09/2013)
9.	Penn, John S: 5 articles (01/2020 - 01/2015)
10.	Huang, Hu: 5 articles (01/2015 - 11/2010)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Leukostasis:

1.	Retinaldehyde (Retinal)IBA 05/01/2020 - "This improvement in retinal perfusion might be related to DEX implant-related positive effects on leukostasis." 10/01/2017 - "Leukostasis in the retinal microvasculature in animal model studies of diabetes is associated with the development of diabetes-like retinopathy. " 12/08/2016 - "The purpose of our study was to investigate the hypothesis that miR-15a/16 inhibit pro-inflammatory signaling to reduce retinal leukostasis. " 11/03/2015 - "Together, these studies show a clear role for NFAT-signaling in TNFα-induced retinal leukostasis, and identify NFATc2 and NFATc4 as potentially valuable therapeutic targets for treating retinopathies in which TNFα plays a pathogenic role. " 01/01/2015 - "This study identifies the transcriptional effects of TNFα on HRMEC, highlighting its involvement in multiple pathways that contribute to retinal leukostasis, and identifying a previously unknown role for NFAT-signaling downstream of TNFα. "
2.	Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 (Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1)IBA 01/01/2021 - "Endothelial cell CD40 promotes ICAM-1 upregulation and leukostasis. " 02/02/2020 - "Reduced leukostasis was associated with decreased vascular permeability and was accompanied by downregulation of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression. " 01/01/2020 - "However, TNF-α-injected ACHE+/- mice showed lower level of ICAM-1, less leukostasis and fewer infiltrated CD11b+ cells. " 02/01/2007 - "The systemic administration of sRAGE significantly inhibited blood-retinal barrier breakdown, leukostasis, and expression of ICAM-1 in the retina in both the diabetic C57/BJ6 and RAGE-transgenic mice. " 06/01/2006 - "In addition, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), a representative factor for leukostasis, is increased in the diabetic retina. "
3.	Nitric Oxide Synthase (NO Synthase)IBA 08/01/2004 - "Pretreatment with the NO synthase inhibitor diminished the protective effects of TJ-10 on leukostasis in the liver, and the increase of plasma TNF levels and ALT activities. " 01/01/2017 - "During diabetes, mice with CD40 expressed in Müller cells upregulated retinal tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin 1β (IL-1β), intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), and nitric oxide synthase (NOS2), developed leukostasis and capillary degeneration. " 11/01/2001 - "Pretreatment with an NO synthase inhibitor diminished the protective effects of TJ-9 on the increase in leukostasis in the pericentral region, NPS, and plasma TNF-alpha levels, but not its effect on the increase in leukostasis in the midzonal region, total number of stationary leukocytes, or plasma ALT activities. " 11/01/1997 - "The NO synthase inhibitor NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA) exaggerated the liver leukostasis elicited by gut I/R, responses that were prevented by coadministration of L-arginine. " 11/01/2007 - "Nitric oxide (NO) is involved in leukostasis and blood-retinal barrier (BRB) breakdown in the early stages of diabetic retinopathy (DR), but it is unclear which NO synthase (NOS) isoforms are primarily involved. "
4.	CytokinesIBA 12/01/2021 - "Two main theories have been proposed in the development of leukostasis: (1) increased blood viscosity due to large leukemic cell populations; (2) high metabolic activity and cytokine production by leukemic cells. " 11/01/2019 - "Finally, Pa co-administration with recombinant human MUC1-ED dramatically diminished lung and BALF bacterial burden, proinflammatory cytokine levels, and pulmonary leukostasis and increased 5-day survival from 0% to 75%. " 11/01/2013 - "Decreased early mortality rate in TA with VR group may be associated with prompt reduction of WBCs achieved with TA with VR and may also be associated with removal of the cytokines related to leukostasis. " 02/01/2002 - "The adhesion molecules displayed by the leukemic blasts and their chemotactic response to the cytokines in the vascular microenvironment are probably more important in causing leukostasis than the cell number. " 02/01/2002 - "The endothelial damage associated with leukostasis is likely to be mediated by cytokines released in situ and by subsequent migration of leukemic blasts in the perivascular space. "
5.	Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (Tumor Necrosis Factor)IBA 03/01/2011 - "TNFalpha is required for late BRB breakdown in diabetic retinopathy, and its inhibition prevents leukostasis and protects vessels and neurons from apoptosis." 01/01/2007 - "These data suggest that TNF-alpha mediates VEGF-, IL-1beta-, and PAF-induced leukostasis and vascular leakage mediated by PAF, but not leakage caused by VEGF or IL-1beta. " 01/01/2007 - "Compared to wild type mice with oxygen-induced ischemic retinopathy, TNF-alpha-deficient mice with ischemic retinopathy showed significantly reduced leukostasis and mild reduction in vascular leakage, but no significant difference in retinal neovascularization. " 04/01/2002 - "Low-dose ethanol consumption 15 min before gut ischemia blunted the gut I/R-induced leukostasis and elevations in plasma TNF-alpha and ALT. " 05/08/2009 - "Adenovirus-mediated overexpression of adiponectin attenuated hypoxia-induced pathological retinal neovascularization by 35% in wild-type mice and by 40% in APN-KO mice and leukostasis by 64% in wild-type mice and by 75% in APN-KO mice, which were associated with reduced TNF-alpha production. "
6.	PPAR gammaIBA 12/01/2002 - "As a consequence of PPAR-gamma activation, pulmonary leukostasis was decreased and oxygenation and overall survival were improved. " 10/01/2006 - "In the diabetic PPARgamma+/- mice, retinal leukostasis and leakage were greater than in the diabetic wild-type mice. " 01/01/2008 - "There is now strong experimental evidence to support the theory that PPARgamma inhibits diabetes-induced retinal leukostasis and leakage, playing an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. " 10/01/2006 - "An endogenous pathway involving PPARgamma provides protection against retinal leukostasis and retinal leakage in diabetes and treatment with PPARgamma specific ligands inhibits retinal leukostasis and retinal leakage in diabetic rats." 10/01/2006 - "To clarify whether endogenous peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) and its ligand, rosiglitazone, affect retinal leukostasis and the associated vascular leakage using an experimental diabetic model. "
7.	NAD (NADH)IBA 12/01/1997 - "Leukostasis, as well as increases in NPS and NAD(P)H autofluorescence (indicating hypoxia), were observed in the liver at 60 minutes after gut I/R. " 11/01/1997 - "Leukostasis, NPS, and NADH autofluorescence (indicating hypoxia) were all increased in the liver at 60 min after gut I/R. " 12/01/1997 - "The platelet activating factor (PAF) antagonist, WEB2086, and a tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha-specific antibody were also effective in attenuating the gut I/R-induced leukostasis and NAD(P)H autofluorescence. " 11/01/1997 - "The NO donor diethylenetriamine-NO (DETA-NO) and L-arginine were both effective in attenuating the gut I/R-induced leukostasis and increased NADH autofluorescence, whereas neither DETA nor D-arginine exerted a protective action. "
8.	Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor)IBA 06/29/2007 - "In vitro studies showed that exposure of HUVECs to VEGF increased the number of adhering monocytes, and PEDF inhibited the VEGF-induced leukostasis in a dose-dependent manner. " 06/29/2007 - "To investigate the effect of PEDF and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) on leukostasis, the adhesion of monocytes to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) was assayed in vitro. " 06/01/2020 - "Leukostasis retinopathy treated with Anti-VEGF therapy." 06/29/2007 - "The inhibition of the VEGF-induced leukostasis by PEDF is most likely responsible for the low incidence of capillary occlusion and retinal neovascularization in SDT rats." 01/01/2020 - "Leukostasis in retinal vessels and ocular level of VEGF protein increased significantly in Akita-GKO mice compared with the other groups. "
9.	Adrenal Cortex Hormones (Corticosteroids)IBA 04/01/2022 - "This improvement in macular perfusion may be associated with corticosteroid-related beneficial effects on leukostasis." 04/01/1979 - "Our studies provide a plausible rationale for the empiric observation that high-dose corticosteroids may benefit patients with syndromes associated with microvascular leukostasis." 04/01/2005 - "Intravitreal injection of corticosteroid attenuates leukostasis and vascular leakage in experimental diabetic retina." 04/01/2005 - "The hypothesis for the current study was that intravitreal corticosteroids may improve diabetic retinal edema by amelioration of blood-retinal barrier (BRB) breakdown, by inhibiting leukocyte stasis (leukostasis). "
10.	Superoxides (Superoxide)IBA 01/08/2015 - "Two months of diabetes significantly increased leukostasis within retinal vessels and superoxide generation by the retina. " 10/05/1998 - "These observations suggest a role for superoxide in gut I/R-induced leukostasis and hypoxic stress in the liver. " 01/01/2013 - "Retinal superoxide production, leukostasis and leukocyte superoxide production were increased in wild type mice diabetic for 10 weeks, as was the ability of leukocytes isolated from diabetic animals to kill retinal endothelial cells in vitro. " 05/01/2010 - "Furthermore, overexpression of Bcl-2 in the vascular endothelium inhibited the diabetes-induced degeneration of retinal capillaries and aberrant superoxide generation, but had no effect on Bax expression or leukostasis. " 05/01/2010 - "Diabetes of 2 months duration caused a significant decrease in expression of Bcl-2 in retina, upregulation of Bax in whole retina and isolated retinal microvessels, and increased generation of retinal superoxide and leukostasis. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 02/01/2020 - "Management of leukostasis requires time-sensitive diagnostics and therapeutics, and leukapheresis remains a mainstay of treatment in select patients. " 07/30/2023 - "Due to symptomatic leukostasis, she was started on cytoreductive therapies including leukocytapheresis. " 01/01/2014 - "Since leukapheresis was performed more frequently in patients with signs of leukostasis due to the therapeutic policy in our hospital, we developed a risk score for early death within seven days after start of therapy (EDd7) to account for this selection bias and to independently measure the effect of leukapheresis on EDd7. " 01/01/2014 - "Hyperleukocytosis in AML with leukostasis is a serious life-threatening condition leading to a high early mortality which requires immediate cytoreductive therapy. " 01/01/2014 - "Our institution's experience demonstrates that WBRT may be utilized as part of multimodality therapy in order to alleviate or prevent neurological symptoms in patients with AML presenting with leukostasis."
2.	Bone Marrow Transplantation (Transplantation, Bone Marrow) 08/04/2020 - "He subsequently underwent allogenic bone marrow transplantation and achieved complete remission. Hyperleukocytosis in AML can cause leukostasis, characterized by evidence of tissue ischemia. " 04/01/2000 - "TNF-induced leukostasis in TNFRp55-/- mice was restored by adoptive bone marrow transplantation of wt hematopoietic cells, but TNF failed to induce tumor necrosis in these chimeric mice. "
3.	Oral Administration 09/18/2016 - "Oral administration of PSEE resulted in significant reduction of hyperglycemia, the diameter of the retinal vessels, and retinal vascular permeability and leukostasis in diabetic rats. " 01/01/2013 - "Oral administration of fenofibrate significantly ameliorated retinal vascular leakage and leukostasis in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and in Akita mice. "
4.	Aftercare (After-Treatment) 01/01/2023 - "Improved macular perfusion after treatment with intravitreal dexamethasone implantation may be associated with modulation of leukostasis, when the release of cytokines leads to capillary endothelial damage and obstruction of the micro-vasculature, leading to impaired capillary perfusion and ischemic damage. "
5.	Renal Dialysis (Hemodialysis) 10/01/1999 - "Complement activation, neutrophil stimulation, increased cellular adhesiveness, transient leukocyte margination and pulmonary leukostasis take place during hemodialysis with cellulosic dialysis membranes. " 05/01/1981 - "These studies suggest that C5a(desarg) is indeed generated by the dialyzer throughout hemodialysis and that the transience of the leukostasis and granulocytopenia is due to selective down-regulation of cellular responses to C5a(desarg)-a phenomenon that hitherto has been described only in vitro and that may be important in limiting the deleterious effects of adherent granulocytes on the endothelium in patients with intravascular complement activation." 06/01/1984 - "Intravascular leukostasis,(1) pulmonary arterial microembolization,(3) and loss of CO(2) through the dialyzer are some of the explanations given for this abnormality.(2,4) Why a small percentage of hemodialysis patients develop profound, symptomatic hypoxemia has not been satisfactorily explained." 01/01/1984 - "As exemplified by hemodialysis leukopenia, C5a-desarg-mediated pulmonary leukostasis is a self-limiting process because of selective down-regulation of granulocyte receptors for C5a-desarg--a mechanism that primarily limits the lung damage associated with intravascular complement activation." 05/01/1981 - "Reversal of hemodialysis granulocytopenia and pulmonary leukostasis: A clinical manifestation of selective down-regulation of granulocyte responses to C5adesarg."