Heat Stroke (Heatstroke)

A condition caused by the failure of body to dissipate heat in an excessively hot environment or during PHYSICAL EXERTION in a hot environment. Contrast to HEAT EXHAUSTION, the body temperature in heat stroke patient is dangerously high with red, hot skin accompanied by DELUSIONS; CONVULSIONS; or COMA. It can be a life-threatening emergency and is most common in infants and the elderly.

Also Known As:

Networked: 823 relevant articles (88 outcomes, 118 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Hypotension (Low Blood Pressure)
2.	Inflammation (Inflammations)
3.	Brain Ischemia (Cerebral Ischemia)
4.	Hyperthermia
5.	Shock

Experts

1.	Lin, Mao-Tsun: 73 articles (01/2021 - 03/2002)
2.	Su, Lei: 37 articles (04/2022 - 05/2011)
3.	Chang, Ching-Ping: 25 articles (01/2020 - 05/2004)
4.	Leon, Lisa R: 20 articles (01/2022 - 01/2005)
5.	Chen, Sheng-Hsien: 19 articles (04/2016 - 05/2004)
6.	Liu, Zhifeng: 17 articles (01/2022 - 05/2011)
7.	Ishikawa, Takaki: 14 articles (07/2021 - 01/2008)
8.	Maeda, Hitoshi: 14 articles (01/2016 - 01/2002)
9.	Michiue, Tomomi: 13 articles (01/2016 - 01/2008)
10.	Lin, Cheng-Hsien: 12 articles (07/2020 - 01/2008)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Heat Stroke:

1.	Dantrolene (Dantrium)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/1997 - "Therapeutic interventions with conventional cooling or conventional cooling and dantrolene provided significant improvement in cardiovascular function in an immature porcine heatstroke model. " 10/01/1999 - "Several authors have shown that dantrolene may be effective in the treatment of heat stroke patients. " 03/01/1990 - "Is dantrolene effective in heat stroke patients?" 02/01/1991 - "To determine the efficacy of dantrolene sodium in the treatment of heatstroke. " 07/01/2008 - "Bet 4: in patients with classic heat stroke does adding treatment with dantrolene improve outcome?"
2.	CytokinesIBA 11/01/2023 - "Meanwhile, IAP treatment alleviated liver and kidney damage caused by heatstroke, reduced serum levels of inflammatory cytokines, and thus improved survival rate of mice after heatstroke. " 01/01/2007 - "Despite several studies implicating cytokines in heat stroke pathophysiology, few studies have examined the protective effect(s) of cytokine antagonism on the morbidity and mortality of heat stroke. " 04/01/2006 - "These data suggest that the cytokine milieu changes during heat strain recovery with similarities between findings in mice and those described for human heatstroke, supporting the application of our model to the study of cytokine responses in vivo." 12/01/1993 - "In the current studies, eight patients with heat stroke were enrolled in a cytokine studies. " 01/01/2023 - "Increased gut permeability is implicated in the initiation and extent of the cytokine inflammatory response associated with exertional heat stroke (EHS). "
3.	Protein CIBA 11/01/2009 - "Human recombinant activated protein C (APC) has been found to be beneficial in treating heatstroke in both humans and rats. " 11/01/2009 - "Activated protein C improves heatstroke outcomes through restoration of normal hypothalamic and thermoregulatory function." 11/01/2009 - "Activated protein C can be used as a prophylactic as well as a therapeutic agent for heat stroke in rodents." 07/01/2008 - "Recombinant activated protein C attenuates endothelial injury and inhibits procoagulant microparticles release in baboon heatstroke." 12/01/2006 - "In contrast, all vehicle-pretreated heatstroke animals had lower levels of mean arterial pressure, cerebral perfusion pressure, cerebral blood flow, brain Po2, and platelet count and protein C in the plasma. "
4.	Hydroxyl RadicalIBA 10/01/2003 - "1. There is evidence that hydroxyl radicals are accumulated and oxidative stress is produced in multiple organs, including the brain, of rats with heat stroke. " 03/01/2002 - "Taken together, these results indicate that hydroxyl radicals mediate cerebral ischemic injury associated with heatstroke." 10/11/2010 - "However, immediate treatment with the combined agent at the onset of heat stroke confers significant protection against heat stroke-induced circulatory shock, systemic inflammation; cerebral ischemia, cerebral monoamines and hydroxyl radical production overload, and improves neuronal damage and the ST in rats. " 01/01/2010 - "However, immediate treatment with the combined agent confers significant protection against heat stroke-induced arterial hypotension, systemic inflammation, cerebral ischemia, cerebral monoamines and hydroxyl radical production overloads, and improves neuronal damage and the ST in heat stroke rats. " 01/01/2010 - "There is evidence that increased plasma cytokines, elevated brain levels of monoamines and hydroxyl radical production may be implicated in pathogenesis during heat stroke in rats. "
5.	Oxygen (Dioxygen)IBA 08/13/2007 - "Hyperbaric oxygen has been found to be beneficial in treating heatstroke animals. " 01/01/2021 - "The present study was attempted to assess the mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO2; 100% O2 at 253 kpa) in treating experimental heatstroke. " 01/01/2010 - "The data indicate that hyperbaric oxygen may improve outcomes of heatstroke by normalization of hypothalamic and thermoregulatory function in mice." 01/01/2010 - "Reduction of ischemic and oxidative damage to the hypothalamus by hyperbaric oxygen in heatstroke mice." 12/01/2009 - "[Hyperbaric oxygen for treatment of one patient with brain impairment after occupational heat stroke]."
6.	platonin (NK 19)IBA 12/01/2006 - "The results demonstrate that platonin is effective for attenuation of heatstroke reactions." 12/01/2006 - "Immediately after the start of heat exposure, the previous administration of platonin significantly improved survival time by reducing the systemic inflammation, hypercoagulable state, and tissue ischemia and damage during heatstroke. " 12/01/2005 - "The systemic inflammation, hypercoagulable state, and cerebral ischemia and injury during heat stroke were all significantly suppressed by platonin. " 12/01/2005 - "The data demonstrate that platonin therapy may resuscitate heat stroke victims by reducing circulatory shock, systemic inflammation, hypercoagulable state, and tissue ischemia and injury." 12/01/2006 - "Platonin, a cyanine photosensitizing dye, is effective for attenuation of heatstroke in rats."
7.	Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (Tumor Necrosis Factor)IBA 12/15/2013 - "Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is considered an adverse mediator of heat stroke (HS) based on clinical studies showing high serum levels. " 02/01/2008 - "In addition, hypothalamic levels of IL-1beta and TNF-alpha were elevated after heatstroke onset. " 10/01/2004 - "The data indicates that ET-1A receptor antagonism may maintain appropriate levels of mean arterial pressure and cerebral circulation during heatstroke by reducing production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha." 02/01/2007 - "The data show that reduction of nNOS-dependent NO(2)(-) with 7-NI causes attenuation of cerebrovascular dysfunction, hyperthermia, and TNF-alpha overproduction during heatstroke in the rat." 05/01/2005 - "Previous exercise training for 3 weeks, but not 1 or 2 weeks, conferred significant protection against hyperthermia, arterial hypotension, decreased cardiac output, decreased stroke volume, decreased peripheral vascular resistance, and increased levels of serum or tissue TNF-alpha during heatstroke and correlated with overexpression of HSP72 in multiple organs, including heart, liver, and adrenal gland. "
8.	IceIBA 04/01/2016 - "Ice-water immersion has been shown to be highly effective in exertional heat stroke, with a zero fatality rate in large case series of younger, fit patients. " 04/01/2022 - "According to cooling strategies, ice vests and water spray are effective in reducing Tsk and decreasing the risk of heat stroke. " 12/01/2020 - "Many studies have reported that pre-exercise ice slurry ingestion improves exercise performance; however, it may increase the risk of developing heat stroke. " 06/01/1978 - "This study was undertaken to compare cooling in room air (27 degrees C, 20% RH), ice slush surface cooling, and peritoneal lavage cooling (6-10 degrees C) as methods for lowering body temperature in an anesthetized dog heatstroke model. " 10/06/2022 - "Outcomes of UK military personnel treated with ice cold water immersion for exertional heat stroke."
9.	radix ophiopogonis drug combination radix ginseng fructus schizandrae (Shen Mai)IBA 09/01/2005 - "Sheng mai san, a Chinese herbal medicine, protects against renal ischaemic injury during heat stroke in the rat." 08/01/1989 - "The authors considered that the effects of Shen Mai San on "strengthening pulmonary Qi", "strengthening Heart Qi", might be concerned in its efficiency to stabilize the energy store in myocardium, and it might be beneficial to prevent the elderly from heatstroke." 08/01/1989 - "[Preventive action of shen mai san on heatstroke in aged rats]." 02/01/2005 - "Chinese herbal medicine, Shengmai San, is effective for improving circulatory shock and oxidative damage in the brain during heatstroke." 02/01/2005 - "The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Shengmai San (SMS), a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, on heatstroke-induced circulatory shock and oxidative damage in the brain in rats. "
10.	Urethane (Ethyl Carbamate)IBA 09/01/2007 - "Heat stroke was induced by exposing urethane-anaesthetised animals to a temperature of 43 degrees C for 55 min, which caused the body temperature to reach 42 degrees C. " 09/01/2005 - "2. Urethane-anaesthetized rats were exposed to heat stress (ambient temperature 43 degrees C) to induce heat stroke. " 09/01/2005 - "Urethane-anesthetized rats were exposed to heat stress (43 degrees C) to induce heatstroke. " 06/01/2005 - "Urethane-anesthetized animals were exposed to an ambient temperature of 43 degrees C to induce heatstroke. " 05/01/2005 - "Urethane-anesthetized rats were exposed to heat stress (ambient temperature of 43 degrees C) to induce heat stroke. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Resuscitation 08/01/2006 - "When the 36 degrees C saline-treated rats underwent heat exposure, their survival time values were found to be 23 to 28 min. Immediately after the onset of heatstroke, resuscitation with an i.v. dose of 4 degrees C saline significantly improved survival during heatstroke (208-252 min). " 06/01/2005 - "Resuscitation with intravenous or intracerebroventricular doses of HUCBCs, but not peripheral blood mononuclear cells, immediately at the onset of heatstroke significantly improved survival during heatstroke (61-148 mins). " 02/28/2009 - "When the diabetic heatstroke rats underwent heat stress, their survival time values were found to be 11-13 min. Immediately after the onset of heatstroke, resuscitation with body cooling greatly improved survival (221-257 min). " 06/01/2007 - "When the 36 degrees C saline-treated rats underwent heat stress, their survival time values were found to be 21-25 min. Immediately after the onset of heatstroke, resuscitation with an i.v. dose of 4 degrees C saline greatly improved survival (226-268 min). " 01/01/2015 - "In conclusion, our study revealed that fluid resuscitation post heatstroke should be adjusted according to different stages."
2.	Therapeutics 01/01/2019 - "The first-line treatment for exertional heatstroke-related severe acute liver injury is medical therapy. " 08/01/2006 - "3. These physiological dysfunctions and survival during heat stroke can be improved by whole-body or brain cooling therapy adopted immediately after the onset of heat stroke. " 04/01/2022 - "This study indicated that CHOP deficiency attenuates heatstroke-induced intestinal injury and may contribute to the identification of a novel therapy against heatstroke associated with the ER stress pathway." 04/01/2022 - "This study aimed to explore the role of CHOP in heatstroke-induced intestinal injury and potential therapy. " 01/01/2021 - "Moreover, the studies of novel therapeutics for heat stroke might provide new avenues for the treatment of ME/CFS. "
3.	Induced Hyperthermia (Thermotherapy) 05/01/2023 - "Exercise-induced hyperthermia preceding the onset of exertional heatstroke requires a rapid reduction in the body core temperature (Tcore) to ensure safety. " 03/09/2023 - "Hyperthermia-induced protein unfolding, and nonspecific aggregation accumulation have neurotoxic effects and contribute to the pathogenesis of brain damage in heat stroke. " 05/01/2011 - "Acute care for exercise-induced hyperthermia to avoid adverse outcome from exertional heat stroke." 05/01/2004 - "Hyperthermia-induced vasoconstriction of the carotid artery, a possible causative factor of heatstroke." 09/01/2007 - "Three weeks of progressive exercise pretreatment induced HSP72 preconditioning in the brain and conferred significant protection against heat-stroke-induced hyperthermia, arterial hypotension, cerebral ischaemia and neuronal damage; it also prolonged survival. "
4.	Intravenous Administration 01/05/2018 - "Intravenous administration of PDMSCs 1 day before or immediately after the onset of heat stroke improved survival by 60% and 20%, respectively. " 10/01/2009 - "Intravenous administration of human umbilical cord blood cells (HUCBC) has been shown to improve heatstroke by reducing arterial hypotension as well as cerebral ischemia and damage in a rat model. " 11/18/2014 - "Importantly, intravenous administration of DXM substantially ameliorated the circulatory dysfunction, systematic inflammation, hypercoagulable state, cerebral ischemia and damage during the induction period of heat stroke. " 06/01/2012 - "Rats were treated with vehicle or melatonin (0.2, 1, 5 mg/kg) by intravenous administration 100 min after the initiatioin of heatstroke and were allowed to recover at room temperature (26 °C). " 09/01/2004 - "Intravenous administration of 11 mL/kg of HES (about 5 times the volume-expanding effect of 11 mL/kg of NS), but not 2 mL/kg of HES (about the same volume-expanding effect as 11 mL/kg NS), significantly increased the survival time from the control values of 36 +/- 9 min to new values of 181 +/- 13 min. In NS (11 mL/kg)-treated or HES (2 mL/kg)-treated rats after heatstroke onset, the values for mean arterial pressure, stroke volume, total peripheral resistance, cerebral blood flow, blood pH, Paco2, Pao2, and brain Po2 were significantly lower than those of rats kept at Ta 24 degrees C. "
5.	Critical Care (Surgical Intensive Care) 12/01/2020 - "In 2015, Karachi saw its first ever epidemic of severe heatrelated illnesses that resulted in an extraordinary number of hospital admissions, especially in the intensive care, for fatal heat stroke within-hospital mortality of 3.7%.We conducted this study to elucidate the patient-related factors that lead to an increase in hospital admissions with heat-related illnesses in a tertiary care hospital. " 11/01/2022 - "Usefulness of sequential organ failure assessment score on admission to predict the 90-day mortality in patients with exertional heatstroke: An over 10-year intensive care survey." 01/01/2022 - "Under intensive care, mortality reaches 26.5% and 63.2% in exertional and classic heatstroke, respectively. " 06/20/2020 - "Objective: To evaluate the prognostic value of different critical care scoring systems in 28-day survival rate of patients with heat stroke. " 06/20/2020 - "[Comparison of different critical care scoring systems in prognosis evaluation of heat stroke]."