Viral Encephalitis

Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of TOGAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; FLAVIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; BUNYAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PICORNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PARAMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; and ARENAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS.

Also Known As:

Networked: 471 relevant articles (23 outcomes, 34 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Infections
2.	Seizures (Absence Seizure)
3.	Encephalitis (Encephalitis, Rasmussen)
4.	Neoplasms (Cancer)
5.	Status Epilepticus (Complex Partial Status Epilepticus)

Experts

1.	Solomon, Tom: 7 articles (01/2018 - 06/2003)
2.	Kalinke, Ulrich: 6 articles (01/2022 - 01/2018)
3.	Tyler, Kenneth L: 6 articles (01/2019 - 04/2005)
4.	Klein, Robyn S: 5 articles (01/2022 - 11/2018)
5.	Ghita, Luca: 5 articles (10/2021 - 01/2018)
6.	Basu, Anirban: 5 articles (03/2021 - 02/2007)
7.	Bergmann, Cornelia C: 5 articles (10/2013 - 04/2005)
8.	Stohlman, Stephen A: 5 articles (10/2013 - 04/2005)
9.	Waltl, Inken: 4 articles (01/2022 - 01/2018)
10.	Chhatbar, Chintan: 4 articles (11/2018 - 01/2018)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Viral Encephalitis:

1.	Antiviral Agents (Antivirals)IBA 10/01/2021 - "Our study establishes VCP as a common host factor with a broad antiviral potential against flaviviruses.ImportanceJEV is the leading cause of viral encephalitis epidemics in South-east Asia, affecting majorly children with high morbidity and mortality. " 07/01/2023 - "Specific antiviral treatment is only available for a small subset of viral encephalitis (VE). " 02/26/2023 - "Viral encephalitis was considered, and the patient's consciousness still increased rapidly after antiviral treatment. " 01/01/2023 - "Although viral encephalitis is considered a threat to children's health, with accurate diagnosis and appropriate antiviral drugs, death and neurological complications in children can be prevented." 01/01/2022 - "Even though recent technological innovations advanced the understanding of the broad spectrum of microglia responses during viral encephalitis (VE), it is not entirely clear which microglia gene expression profiles are associated with antiviral and detrimental activities. "
2.	Acyclovir (Aciclovir)FDA LinkGeneric 03/01/1989 - "The present case suggests that neuro-Behçet's syndrome with only a part of major symptoms could be diagnosed as viral encephalitis and acyclovir may be effective for the treatment of neuro-Behçet's syndrome." 04/01/2023 - "This condition is likely to be underdiagnosed and the neurologist's primary challenge is differentiating aciclovir-induced neurotoxicity from viral encephalitis." 08/01/2018 - "Retrospectively and prospectively collected data from the Liaison Neurology Service at AMNCH on patients who received IV aciclovir for suspected viral encephalitis and developed AKI were analysed. " 08/01/2018 - "Patients with 'suspected viral encephalitis' are frequently empirically treated with intravenous aciclovir. " 04/01/2018 - "Viral encephalitis was diagnosed and treated; intravenous acyclovir (750 mg every 8 h) was administered for 14 days. "
3.	Proteins (Proteins, Gene)FDA Link 08/01/1982 - "At the time of increased CSF protein concentration during an acute viral encephalitis these differences were narrowed but not eliminated. " 01/01/2022 - "The differentially expressed proteins related to clinical viral encephalitis revealed by proteomics." 01/01/2018 - "This report highlights several differences between flavivirus NS1 proteins and contributes to our understanding of their structure-pathogenic function relationships.IMPORTANCE JEV is a major cause of viral encephalitis in Asia. " 04/01/2009 - "We have previously reported the protective capacity, in a viral encephalitis murine model, of fusion protein P64k-envelope domain III of DEN1, DEN2 and DEN3. " 06/01/2003 - "Therefore, the detection of MxA-protein is a sensitive adjuvant marker for those cases of viral encephalitis which are accompanied by pronounced lymphocytic infiltrates."
4.	Naloxone (Narcan)FDA LinkGeneric 04/01/1996 - "In an experimental model of viral encephalitis, rats infected with Borna disease virus developed myoclonic, generalized clonic, or atonic seizures; behavior arrest; and staring spells when treated with naloxone. " 01/01/2022 - "The aim of this study was to systematically evaluate the efficacy and prognosis of acyclovir combined with naloxone in the treatment of patients with viral encephalitis (VE). " 01/01/2023 - "Retracted: Acyclovir Combined with Naloxone in the Treatment of Viral Encephalitis: A Meta-Analysis." 01/01/2022 - "Acyclovir Combined with Naloxone in the Treatment of Viral Encephalitis: A Meta-Analysis." 01/19/2007 - "The results support the efficacy of opioid and nonopioid drugs in modulating naloxone-induced seizures in critical illness due to viral encephalitis and by analogy, opioid withdrawal seizures."
5.	Intravenous Immunoglobulins (IVIG)FDA Link 02/01/2022 - "We conduct a systematic review on the safety and efficacy of IVIG in viral encephalitis. " 02/01/2022 - "We conducted a systematic review assessing PubMed, Cochrane Database, Biosis Previews and the ClinicalTrials.gov website to identify all reports on patients with viral encephalitis treated with IVIG as of May 31, 2019. " 02/01/2022 - "Efficacy and safety of intravenous immunoglobulins for the treatment of viral encephalitis: a systematic literature review." 10/02/2017 - "The findings suggest a clinical benefit of adjunctive IVIG treatment for children with viral encephalitis for some clinical measures (i.e. " 01/01/2015 - "Results from in vitro studies and animal models suggest intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) containing virus-specific neutralizing antibody may be effective in improving outcome in viral encephalitis. "
6.	Adrenal Cortex Hormones (Corticosteroids)IBA 01/01/1999 - "By contrast, 5 of the patients with viral encephalitis responded well to intravenous corticosteroids, whereas the remaining 4 patients did not, three of whom showed poor prognosis. " 01/02/2022 - "Herein, we report a rare case of uveal effusion associated with viral encephalitis, which resolved following the treatment of the viral encephalitis and administration of corticosteroids. " 08/01/2010 - "Corticosteroids as an adjunct treatment for acute viral encephalitis are not generally considered to be effective, and their use is controversial, but this important issue is currently being evaluated in a large clinical trial. " 05/01/2005 - "Corticosteroids as an adjunct treatment for acute viral encephalitis are not generally considered to be effective and their use is controversial. " 01/01/1999 - "Not a few neurologists, however, have had an impression that administration of corticosteroids ameliorated neurological impairment and induced better prognosis in some patients with viral encephalitis. "
7.	VaccinesIBA 06/01/1997 - "Improvement in the general health and sanitation of the population, and the universal use and development of new vaccines will significantly reduce the incidence of viral encephalitis. " 01/01/2021 - "We want to draw attention to TBE as a differential diagnosis in all undiagnosed patients with symptoms of viral encephalitis, regardless of travel history and vaccine status. " 01/01/2019 - "To develop a potential countermeasure for viral encephalitis, we generated a trivalent, or three-component, EEV vaccine composed of virus-like particles (VLPs). " 01/01/2015 - "Japanese encephalitis virus, as the most important vaccine-preventable cause of viral encephalitis in Asia, is estimated to cause over 68,000 clinical cases yearly. " 06/19/2009 - "Studying the mechanisms of host survival resulting from viral encephalitis is critical to the development of vaccines. "
8.	Minocycline (Cyclops)FDA LinkGeneric 09/01/2012 - "Is minocycline useful for therapy of acute viral encephalitis?" 04/24/2021 - "Experimental studies have indicated the successful protective effects of minocycline against neuronal cell death from neurodegenerative diseases and viral encephalitis. " 04/01/2005 - "Minocycline is neuroprotective in many experimental models of neurodegenerative diseases and central nervous system (CNS) injury but has not previously been tested in a model of viral encephalitis. " 01/01/2008 - "This team recommends that empirical therapy with minocycline be avoided in the management of rabies and viral encephalitis in humans until more information becomes available." 09/01/2012 - "Minocycline therapy is a double-edged sword and this drug should not be given empirically to patients with acute viral encephalitis for anticipated neuroprotective effects. "
9.	Neutralizing AntibodiesIBA 01/01/2015 - "Results from in vitro studies and animal models suggest intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) containing virus-specific neutralizing antibody may be effective in improving outcome in viral encephalitis. " 01/01/2019 - "Detection was also conducted in serum specimens collected from 12 patients clinically diagnosed as viral encephalitis in Xinjiang; five serum specimens were WNV IgM antibody positive, and there were fourfold differences in WNV-neutralizing antibody titers between convalescent and acute serum. "
10.	NeopterinIBA 02/15/2023 - "This study investigated the efficacy of the integrated blood purification mode of early haemoperfusion (HP) combined with continuous venovenous haemodiafiltration (CVVHDF) in children with severe viral encephalitis, and evaluated the correlation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) neopterin (NPT) levels with prognosis. " 11/01/1993 - "Although patients with viral encephalitis had higher mean neopterin levels than any other patient category studied, the CSF neopterin concentrations cannot be used to discriminate between viral and bacterial infections. " 11/01/1993 - "The mean CSF neopterin concentrations were 63.0 nmol/L in 15 patients with acute bacterial meningitis, 54.9 nmol/L in 15 patients with Lyme neuroborreliosis, 32.5 nmol/L in 10 patients with viral meningitis, 130.9 nmol/L in 8 patients with viral encephalitis, 13.9 nmol/L in 15 patients with asymptomatic HIV infection, 26.0 nmol/L in 11 patients with AIDS without dementia, 65.4 nmol/L in 4 patients with AIDS dementia, and 4.2 nmol/L in 24 healthy controls. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 04/01/2019 - "Results from 5 meta-analyses, 13 subgroup meta-analyses, and the single studies showed that based on conventional therapy XNJ injection (0.4-0.6 mL/kg daily for children, 20 mL/day for adults) may have better effect on increasing the numbers of cured patients and decreasing the time of recovery of main symptoms for patients with viral encephalitis. " 08/15/2013 - "Detection of a common neurological mechanism of death among viral encephalitides creates opportunities to create broad-spectrum therapies that target relevant neurological cells in patients with types of viral encephalitis that have not been treatable in the past." 01/01/2012 - "HIV type 1 viral encephalitis after development of viral resistance to plasma suppressive antiretroviral therapy." 04/01/2011 - "Cultured brain slices not only serve to model events occurring during viral encephalitis, but can also be utilized to investigate aspects of pathogenesis and therapy that are not experimentally accessible in vivo." 06/25/1994 - "For most forms of viral encephalitis no specific therapy is available. "
2.	Radiotherapy 03/01/2014 - "Fourteen patients were diagnosed with an intracranial tumor by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination, four patients had postoperative intracranial tumors, one had received radiotherapy for suprasellar germinoma, one was hypothalamic-pituitary dysplasia, one had a history of viral encephalitis, and in 12 patients, the cause was unknown. " 06/01/2008 - "With a review of the literature on the association between HSE and radiotherapy for CNS malignancies, our case suggests that an awareness of viral encephalitis is important in the differential diagnosis of acute neurologic disturbance during chemoradiotherapy for CNS lymphoma." 03/01/1982 - "In humans, beneficial results have been reported from clinical trials testing the effects of methisoprinol in a variety of diseases including subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), acute viral encephalitis, recurrent mucocutaneous infections due to type I and II Herpes viruses as well as in immune restoration of cancer patients with immunodepression following radiotherapy. "
3.	Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy 02/15/2023 - "Early HP combined with CVVHDF in the treatment of severe viral encephalitis in children may be a better approach than CVVHDF only for improving prognosis. " 02/15/2023 - "According to the blood purification treatment mode, they were divided into the experimental group (HP + CVVHDF, 18 cases), control group A (CVVHDF only, 14 cases), and control group B (16 children with mild viral encephalitis who did not receive blood purification treatment). " 02/15/2023 - "This study investigated the efficacy of the integrated blood purification mode of early haemoperfusion (HP) combined with continuous venovenous haemodiafiltration (CVVHDF) in children with severe viral encephalitis, and evaluated the correlation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) neopterin (NPT) levels with prognosis. "
4.	Immunomodulation 10/01/2007 - "The management of patients with suspected viral encephalitis has been revolutionised in recent years with improved imaging and viral diagnostics, better antiviral and immunomodulatory therapies, and enhanced neurointensive care. "
5.	Secondary Prevention 05/22/2016 - "We did not find any randomised or quasi-randomised controlled trials that compared the effects of antiepileptic drugs with placebo (or no drug) for the primary or secondary prevention of seizures in viral encephalitis. " 10/09/2014 - "We did not find any randomised or quasi-randomised controlled trials that compared the effects of antiepileptic drugs with placebo (or no drug) for the primary or secondary prevention of seizures in viral encephalitis. " 12/06/2017 - "This is a Cochrane review summary of: Pandey S, Rathore C, Michael D ( 2016 ) Antiepileptic drugs for the primary and secondary prevention of seizures in viral encephalitis. " 12/06/2017 - "Antiepileptic drugs for the primary and secondary prevention of seizures in viral encephalitis." 05/22/2016 - "There is insufficient evidence to support or refute the routine use of antiepileptic drugs for the primary or secondary prevention of seizures in viral encephalitis. "