Blue Toe Syndrome

A condition that is caused by recurring atheroembolism in the lower extremities. It is characterized by cyanotic discoloration of the toes, usually the first, fourth, and fifth toes. Discoloration may extend to the lateral aspect of the foot. Despite the gangrene-like appearance, blue toes may respond to conservative therapy without AMPUTATION, SURGICAL.

Also Known As:

Networked: 53 relevant articles (4 outcomes, 2 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Ischemia
2.	Acute Kidney Injury (Acute Renal Failure)
3.	Renal Insufficiency (Renal Failure)
4.	Livedo Reticularis
5.	Venous Thrombosis (Deep-Vein Thrombosis)

Experts

1.	Criado, Paulo Ricardo: 2 articles (08/2020 - 01/2020)
2.	Kronzon, Itzhak: 2 articles (06/2012 - 11/2011)
3.	Saric, Muhamed: 2 articles (06/2012 - 11/2011)
4.	Freeman, M B: 2 articles (09/2001 - 02/2001)
5.	Goldman, M H: 2 articles (09/2001 - 02/2001)
6.	Stevens, S L: 2 articles (09/2001 - 02/2001)
7.	Timaran, C H: 2 articles (09/2001 - 02/2001)
8.	Fourgeaud, C: 1 article (09/2022)
9.	Michon-Pasturel, U: 1 article (09/2022)
10.	Vignes, S: 1 article (09/2022)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Blue Toe Syndrome:

1.	CholesterolIBA 01/01/1996 - "Cholesterol cristal embolization evolves in 3 clinical forms: 1-the paucisymptomatic form, not diagnosed during subject's lifetime and only recognized in autopsy studies; 2-a benign form such as the blue toe syndrome or cutaneous livedo, with a spontaneous mild prognosis, and 3-a diffuse multisystemic form with a very poor prognosis. " 11/24/2023 - "Blue toe syndrome caused by spontaneous cholesterol embolization syndrome." 07/01/2012 - "The other of the devastating complications has been called cholesterol crystal embolization or blue toe syndrome, meaning scattered embolization by small cholesterol crystals towards splanchnic organs or lower extremities respectively, which has also known to be critical. " 03/01/2006 - "In this article, we describe two cases of severe cholesterol crystal embolization accompanied by renal dysfunction) and blue toe syndrome. " 09/01/2001 - "Blue toe syndrome caused by cholesterol emboli is a relatively benign disease. "
2.	Alprostadil (Muse)FDA LinkGeneric 05/01/2015 - "The aim of this study is to examine the efficacy of alprostadil liposomal preparation in the treatment of blue toe syndrome. " 05/01/2015 - "The safety and efficacy of alprostadil liposomal preparation have been demonstrated in the treatment of blue toe syndrome." 05/01/2015 - "A Controlled Study of Alprostadil Liposomal Preparation in the Treatment of Blue Toe Syndrome." 05/01/2006 - "Alprostadil 40 microg/day orally for 2 weeks and alprostadil 40 microg/day intravenously were used for 5 weeks, and Eo were 250/microL, S-Cr 2.5 mg/dL; however, blue toe syndrome gradually developed. "
3.	oxidized low density lipoproteinIBA 05/01/2006 - "The data just after LDL apheresis was performed 10 times were as follows: Eo 1,120/microL, S-Cr 4.0 mg/dL, and LDL 89 mg/dL, and blue toe syndrome had disappeared. " 05/01/2006 - "As a result, LDL apheresis was found to be beneficial for the treatment of CE with acute renal failure and blue toe syndrome after CABG."
4.	AnticoagulantsIBA 01/01/1988 - "Blue toe syndrome: treatment with anticoagulants and delayed percutaneous transluminal angioplasty." 01/01/2011 - "[Blue toe syndrome--a rare but possible complication of anticoagulant therapy]." 01/01/1992 - "The authors describe three patients who developed a blue toe syndrome after initiation of oral anticoagulant therapy. " 11/01/1996 - "The findings of complex atheromas associated with mobile highly echodense linear structures by transesophageal echocardiography may be predictive of reembolization in patients with blue toe syndrome who are taking anticoagulants." 11/01/1996 - "We describe the sonographic appearance of atherosclerotic plaques in the thoracic aorta imaged by transesophageal echocardiography in 2 patients with blue toe syndrome who had reembolization while taking therapeutic levels of anticoagulants. "
5.	CreatinineIBA 01/01/2007 - "A 74-year-old man was referred to our hospital because of hypertension, blue toe syndrome and an elevation of serum creatinine from 0.8 to 1.4 mg/dl for eleven months. " 05/01/2006 - "Two months after CABG, pain and blueness in the toes (blue toe syndrome) appeared and, the serum creatinine level (S-Cr) increased from 1.2 to 2.0 mg/dL. " 10/01/2008 - "The diagnosis of CCE is suggested by the gradual onset of peripheral cutaneous manifestations (e.g., livedo reticularis, blue toe syndrome) accompanied by progressive increases in blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels following an invasive arterial procedure. "
6.	Antiphospholipid AntibodiesIBA 06/01/2010 - "Although acral ischemia can involve several underlying mechanisms, suspicion of lupus warrants testing for antiphospholipid antibodies in patients with blue toe syndrome." 12/01/1990 - "Corticosteroid-associated blue toe syndrome: role of antiphospholipid antibodies."
7.	Warfarin (Coumadin)FDA LinkGeneric 08/01/2008 - "A 25-year-old man with a history of deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary emboli, and myocardial infarction, and receiving long-term anticoagulation with warfarin, all due to primary antiphospholipid syndrome, presented with blue toe syndrome from a primary superficial femoral artery thrombus. " 10/05/2023 - "Blue toe syndrome caused by cholesterol crystal embolisation in a patient with warfarin use."
8.	Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies (ANCA)IBA 05/01/2023 - "We describe two cases of cholesterol embolisation syndrome and Kaposi sarcoma mimicking primary systemic vasculitis, both of which were characterised by features such as livedo reticularis, blue toe syndrome, a brown purpuric skin rash and positive perinuclear anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies associated with Kaposi sarcoma. "
9.	Lupus Coagulation Inhibitor (Lupus Anticoagulant)IBA 03/01/2002 - "A vitamin K antagonist rapidly reverses a blue toe syndrome in a patient with lupus anticoagulant and antiprothrombin antibodies."
10.	Vitamin KFDA Link 03/01/2002 - "A vitamin K antagonist rapidly reverses a blue toe syndrome in a patient with lupus anticoagulant and antiprothrombin antibodies."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Sympathectomy (Sympathectomies) 12/01/2013 - "Our observations suggest that sympathectomy may be beneficial in some patients with CE-associated blue toe syndrome. " 12/01/2013 - "Blue toe syndrome treated with sympathectomy in a patient with acute renal failure caused by cholesterol embolization."
2.	Blood Component Removal (Apheresis) 05/01/2006 - "The data just after LDL apheresis was performed 10 times were as follows: Eo 1,120/microL, S-Cr 4.0 mg/dL, and LDL 89 mg/dL, and blue toe syndrome had disappeared. " 05/01/2006 - "As a result, LDL apheresis was found to be beneficial for the treatment of CE with acute renal failure and blue toe syndrome after CABG."
3.	Therapeutics 03/01/1986 - "The blue toe syndrome deserves recognition as an important sign of potential limb-threatening arterial disease, but the optimal therapy remains to be established." 05/01/2000 - "Blue toe syndrome: treatment with intra-arterial stents and review of therapies." 12/01/2014 - "We report on a 17-year-old male with APS, who manifested blue toe syndrome, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary thromboembolism, and cerebral infarction despite adequate long-term anticoagulation therapy. " 01/01/2011 - "[Blue toe syndrome--a rare but possible complication of anticoagulant therapy]." 01/01/1992 - "The authors describe three patients who developed a blue toe syndrome after initiation of oral anticoagulant therapy. "
4.	Limb Salvage 08/01/2003 - "Indications for revascularization were disabling claudication (73%), limb salvage (25%), and blue toe syndrome (2%). " 09/01/2001 - "Indications for iliac angioplasty with stenting were disabling claudication (65%), limb salvage (33%), and blue toe syndrome (2%). " 02/01/2001 - "Indications for iliac angioplasty with stenting were disabling claudication (65%), limb salvage (32%), and blue toe syndrome (3%). " 11/01/1976 - "Along with the other well-known features of chronic severe ischemia, that is, rest pain, gangrene, etc, the "blue toe" syndrome is therefore an indication for limb salvage surgery."
5.	Stents 05/01/2005 - "Four EVAR-associated complications were observed: periinterventional dissection of femoral artery (n = 1), blue toe syndrome (n = 1), and stent-graft disconnection (n = 2). " 05/01/2000 - "During a 6.5-year period, 15 patients presenting with blue toe syndrome had 16 presumed embolic lesions treated with intra-arterial stents. " 05/01/2000 - "Blue toe syndrome: treatment with intra-arterial stents and review of therapies." 10/01/2011 - "We report a case in which a Zenith stent-graft became infected after endovascular aneurysm repair to treat an abdominal aortic aneurysm and blue toe syndrome. "