Pilomatrixoma

A tumor composed of cells resembling those of the hair matrix, which undergo 'mummification' and may calcify. It is a relatively uncommon tumor, which may occur at any age from infancy. The majority of patients are under 20, and females are affected more than males. The lesion is usually a solitary deep dermal or subcutaneous tumor 3-30 mm in diameter, situated in the head, neck, or upper extremity. (From Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2401)

Also Known As:

Benign Pilomatricoma; Benign Pilomatrixoma; Calcifying Epithelioma of Malherbe; Epithelioma Calcificans Of Malherbe; Malherbe Calcifying Epithelioma; Pilomatricoma; Pilomatricoma, Benign; Pilomatrixoma, Benign

Networked: 103 relevant articles (3 outcomes, 9 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Neoplasms: 1324753
- Neoplasms by Histologic Type: 2
  - Glandular and Epithelial Neoplasms: 439
    - Basal Cell Neoplasms: 67
      - Pilomatrixoma: 103

Related Diseases

1.	Neoplasms (Cancer)
2.	Cysts
3.	Epidermal Cyst (Sebaceous Cyst)
4.	Craniopharyngioma (Craniopharyngiomas)
5.	Odontogenic Tumors (Dental Tissue Neoplasm)

Experts

1.	Kurokawa, Ichiro: 3 articles (01/2016 - 08/2009)
2.	Tsubura, Airo: 3 articles (01/2016 - 08/2009)
3.	Cribier, Bernard: 3 articles (05/2014 - 01/2006)
4.	Katayama, Yoichi: 3 articles (01/2012 - 03/2005)
5.	Kusama, Kaoru: 3 articles (01/2012 - 03/2005)
6.	Yoshino, Atsuo: 3 articles (01/2012 - 03/2005)
7.	Nakamura, Toshitsugu: 2 articles (11/2020 - 02/2011)
8.	Ishikawa, Osamu: 2 articles (01/2020 - 04/2018)
9.	Motegi, Sei-Ichiro: 2 articles (01/2020 - 04/2018)
10.	Langbein, Lutz: 2 articles (05/2014 - 01/2006)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Pilomatrixoma:

1.	Keratins (Keratin)IBA 09/01/2002 - "Although infrequently reported, prominent nucleoli in basaloid cells and smears containing refractile keratin clumps were very useful clues in the diagnosis of pilomatrixoma. " 04/01/1999 - "Previous studies have suggested a coexpression of hard keratins and cytokeratins in pilomatrixoma, a benign follicular tumour which could originate from the hair matrix. " 02/01/2015 - "In conclusion, tumoural TGF-β1 secretion seems to induce nuclear translocation of co-factor FHL2 mediating progressive keratin expression in pilomatricoma. " 02/01/2015 - "Pilomatricoma is a tumour derived from hair matrix cells, which shows progressive keratin expression. " 02/01/2015 - "TGF-β1-dependent induction and nuclear translocation of FHL2 promotes keratin expression in pilomatricoma."
2.	Azure Stains (Giemsa Stain)IBA 11/01/1990 - ""Ghost cells" were also present in most smears stained with the Giemsa stain and could thus be very helpful for making the FNA diagnosis of pilomatrixoma. "
3.	MD1IBA 01/01/2015 - "In addition, we found a significantly greater number of pilomatrixoma in patients with MD1. "
4.	Filaggrin ProteinsIBA 08/01/2009 - "Our results for keratin and filaggrin expression suggested that pilomatricoma can differentiate not only towards hair matrix and hair cortex, but also follicular infundibulum, outer root sheath and hair bulge." 08/01/2009 - "The differentiation of pilomatricoma is diversified, and is heterogeneous in epithelial keratin and filaggrin expression. " 10/01/2010 - "Epidermal cyst with pilomatricoma (follicular hybrid cyst): immunohistochemical study with epithelial keratins and filaggrin." 08/01/2009 - "An immunohistochemical study has been made of 53 cases of pilomatricoma using 10 monospecific anti-keratin antibodies and anti-filaggrin antibody. " 08/01/2009 - "To elucidate the origin of differentiation in pilomatricoma, we studied the expression of epithelial keratin (K) and filaggrin (filament aggregating protein) in pilomatricoma. "
5.	beta CateninIBA 09/01/2021 - "Mutations in CTNNB1, the encoding gene of beta-catenin, have been found in both pilomatrixoma and PC, but other molecular alterations are unknown. " 02/01/2021 - "Mutation in the CTNNB1 gene is seen, suggesting beta-catenin misregulation may be the cause of pilomatrixoma. " 05/01/2014 - "Beta-catenin gene is frequently mutated in pilomatricoma, leading to beta-catenin nuclear accumulation, and to downstream expression of LEF1. " 08/01/2010 - "We wanted to evaluate the pattern and the intracellular localization of the beta-Catenin expression in pilomatricoma by performing immunohistochemical staining. " 08/01/2010 - "The Immunohistochemical Patterns of the beta-Catenin Expression in Pilomatricoma."
6.	AntibodiesIBA 03/01/2005 - "In all pilomatrixoma cases, 3 antibodies reacted with the cytoplasm of transitional and shadow cells but not with that of basophilic cells. " 02/01/2005 - "Immunohistochemistry and dual-immunofluorescence microscopy were performed on 22 pilomatrixoma specimens using antibodies specific to the three proteins. " 03/01/2005 - "To examine the properties of shadow and ghost cells, 3 kinds of antibodies were raised against human hair proteins and their immunoreactivity was examined in tumors expressing those cells: pilomatrixoma, 14 cases; craniopharyngioma, 17 cases; and calcifying odontogenic cyst (COC), 14 cases. " 08/01/2009 - "An immunohistochemical study has been made of 53 cases of pilomatricoma using 10 monospecific anti-keratin antibodies and anti-filaggrin antibody. "
7.	Collagen Type II (Type II Collagen)IBA 03/01/2005 - "Type II collagen expression in the overlying DEJ and chondroid matrix in CMT may be induced by BMP via the same mechanism as in pilomatricoma." 03/01/2005 - "The expression of type II collagen in pilomatricoma is dependent upon the chronological stage of pilomatricoma. " 03/01/2005 - "The number of case of type II collagen deposition in DEJ (DEJ(+)) and in SCs (SC(+)) of pilomatricoma correlated to the chronological stage of pilomatricoma. " 03/01/2005 - "We found type II collagen deposition in the overlying DEJ (16 of 50 cases) and in the SCs (19/50) of pilomatricoma. " 03/01/2005 - "This time, we studied the expression of type II collagen and BMP in a large number of cases of pilomatricoma and extended our study to cutaneous mixed tumor (CMT). "
8.	DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)IBA 08/31/1994 - "Flow cytometry revealed a euploid DNA content and a high proliferative rate of the pilomatrix carcinoma and in benign pilomatrixoma studied for comparison. " 02/01/2011 - "In the present study, surgically extirpated specimens of epidermal cyst, trichilemmal cyst, and pilomatricoma (10 cases in each) were subjected to immunohistochemistry for single-strand DNA (ssDNA), gamma-H2AX, cleaved caspase-3, cleaved lamin A, caspase-14, and CD138 to compare the modes of cell death and keratinization pattern. "
9.	involucrinIBA 10/01/1994 - "The present study was conducted to determine the immunohistochemical distribution of cytokeratins and involucrin in calcifying epithelioma of Malherbe, in order to elucidate the nature and differentiation of this tumour. " 03/01/1999 - "From comparative studies with filaggrin and involucrin, trichohyalin expression was co-localized with them in molluscum contagiosum, keratoacanthoma and pilomatricoma. "
10.	Caspase 14IBA 02/01/2011 - "The keratinizing component showed caspase-14(+)/CD138(-) in epidermal cyst, caspase-14(-)/CD138(+) in trichilemmal cyst, and caspase-14(-)/CD138(-) in pilomatricoma. " 02/01/2011 - "In the present study, surgically extirpated specimens of epidermal cyst, trichilemmal cyst, and pilomatricoma (10 cases in each) were subjected to immunohistochemistry for single-strand DNA (ssDNA), gamma-H2AX, cleaved caspase-3, cleaved lamin A, caspase-14, and CD138 to compare the modes of cell death and keratinization pattern. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 05/01/2020 - "A rare case of post-traumatic infected pilomatricoma of the finger of the hand diagnosed after performing radioiodine therapy." 02/01/2008 - "After GH therapy had been started, we observed two relapses of previously completely excised pilomatricoma in the same location and a new pilomatricoma formation on the chin." 01/01/2007 - "Complete surgical excision with the proper margin is the treatment of choice, what guaranteed the radical therapy of pilomatrixoma. " 02/01/2008 - "Growth hormone therapy in boy with panhypopituitarism may induce pilomatricoma recurrence: case report."
2.	Tattooing 03/01/2018 - "A 31-year-old man developed a fast-growing tumor on the right upper arm within a black tattoo, which could be classified histologically as pilomatrixoma. " 01/01/2022 - "Tattoo-associated dermatomyofibroma, epidermoid inclusion cyst, hemangioma, lipoma, milia, and pilomatricoma are benign lesions that have each only been described in one individual. "
3.	Gas Lasers 09/01/2003 - "Carbon dioxide laser resection of a distal carpal pilomatricoma and wound closure using swine intestinal submucosa in a dog."
4.	Otoscopes 09/01/2010 - "To our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating preoperative diagnosis of pilomatricoma by transilluminating the lesion with an otoscope." 09/01/2010 - "Diagnosis of pilomatricoma using an otoscope."
5.	Radiotherapy 01/27/2017 - "We emphasise that in the context of known endometrioid carcinoma, the diagnosis of pilomatrixoma should be made with caution, particularly where radiotherapy has been used."