Cytomegalovirus Retinitis

Infection of the retina by cytomegalovirus characterized by retinal necrosis, hemorrhage, vessel sheathing, and retinal edema. Cytomegalovirus retinitis is a major opportunistic infection in AIDS patients and can cause blindness.

Also Known As:

Cytomegaloviral Retinitis; Retinitis, Cytomegaloviral; Retinitis, Cytomegalovirus

Networked: 836 relevant articles (59 outcomes, 78 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
2.	Retinitis
3.	Cytomegalovirus Infections (Inclusion Disease)
4.	Infections
5.	Retinal Detachment (Retinal Detachments)

Experts

1.	Jabs, Douglas A: 27 articles (02/2017 - 01/2002)
2.	Kempen, John H: 10 articles (10/2020 - 01/2002)
3.	Studies of Ocular Complications of AIDS Research Group: 10 articles (05/2011 - 03/2002)
4.	Thorne, Jennifer E: 9 articles (06/2012 - 05/2003)
5.	Tao, Yong: 8 articles (01/2022 - 07/2013)
6.	Dix, Richard D: 8 articles (01/2021 - 03/2003)
7.	Van Natta, Mark L: 7 articles (02/2017 - 01/2002)
8.	Holbrook, Janet T: 7 articles (10/2011 - 03/2002)
9.	Kuppermann, Baruch D: 7 articles (03/2010 - 01/2003)
10.	Singh, Ramandeep: 6 articles (01/2022 - 04/2013)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Cytomegalovirus Retinitis:

1.	Ganciclovir (Cytovene)FDA LinkGeneric 08/01/2008 - "Cytomegalovirus retinitis affects 0% to 16.5% of HIV-infected patients and is treated successfully with intravitreal ganciclovir in South Africa and Botswana. " 07/10/1997 - "For the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis, the sustained-release ganciclovir implant is more effective than intravenous ganciclovir, but patients treated with a ganciclovir implant alone remain at greater risk for the development of cytomegalovirus disease outside of the treated eye." 08/01/1997 - "During the last decade, intravenous ganciclovir has been a mainstay of treatment for patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis. " 03/01/2012 - "Intravitreal ganciclovir maintenance injection for cytomegalovirus retinitis: efficacy of a low-volume, intermediate-dose regimen." 05/01/1997 - "After the ganciclovir device was implanted, the cytomegalovirus retinitis did not progress, and visual acuity improved. "
2.	Foscarnet FDA LinkGeneric 01/09/1995 - "In light of the previously reported survival benefit seen in patients treated with foscarnet, these data support the use of foscarnet for the initial treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis." 05/01/1994 - "Pharmacodynamic relationship of pharmacokinetic parameters of maintenance doses of foscarnet and clinical outcome of cytomegalovirus retinitis." 03/01/1994 - "Intravenous foscarnet administration for treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis." 09/01/1992 - "Recently the Food and Drug Administration approved the drug foscarnet for treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. " 11/01/1991 - "Foscarnet approved for cytomegalovirus retinitis."
3.	Cidofovir (Vistide)FDA Link 06/01/2003 - "Cidofovir is approved for the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis in humans. " 01/01/2003 - "A single dose of cidofovir (5 mg/kg) was given as a 1-hour infusion after saline prehydration to 24 HIV-infected patients (11 males, 13 females) with cytomegalovirus retinitis and good renal function. " 11/01/2002 - "Cidofovir, which is on the market for the treatment of human cytomegalovirus retinitis in immunocompromised patients, is potentially a good candidate for the treatment of a poxvirus outbreak, in the absence of any vaccination." 04/01/2001 - "To describe the ocular changes observed in six patients treated with intravenous cidofovir for cytomegalovirus retinitis. " 04/01/2001 - "Cidofovir, which has been approved for the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis in immunocompromised patients, was also found to protect mice, again when given as a single dose, against a lethal aerosolized or intranasal cowpox virus challenge. "
4.	Valganciclovir FDA Link 01/01/2002 - "Valganciclovir: a new treatment for cytomegalovirus retinitis." 01/01/2022 - "To study clinical efficacy of valganciclovir in cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMVR) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive-positive patients in a tertiary care clinic in a developing nation. " 08/01/2002 - "A safety study of oral valganciclovir maintenance treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis." 01/01/2022 - "Oral valganciclovir in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients suffering from cytomegalovirus retinitis at a tertiary care hospital in North India." 03/04/2010 - "Valganciclovir in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis in HIV-infected patients."
5.	Antiviral Agents (Antivirals)IBA 07/01/1996 - "To illustrate 2 common problems encountered in evaluating the response of cytomegalovirus retinitis to antiviral treatment and to consider their clinical importance. " 05/15/1988 - "These lesions appeared identical to clinically inactive areas of cytomegalovirus retinitis after effective antiviral treatment. " 04/01/2021 - "Correction to: Development of cytomegalovirus retinitis after negative conversion of cytomegalovirus antigenemia due to systemic antiviral therapy." 04/01/2021 - "Development of cytomegalovirus retinitis after negative conversion of cytomegalovirus antigenemia due to systemic antiviral therapy." 08/01/2023 - "Cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMVR) following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT) for a primary immunodeficiency is a rare but highly morbid condition with potential irreversible consequences despite optimal antiviral pharmacotherapy. "
6.	Protease Inhibitors (Protease Inhibitor)IBA 11/01/1999 - "Cytomegalovirus retinitis in advanced HIV-infected patients treated with protease inhibitors: incidence and outcome over 2 years." 08/20/1999 - "Incidence and risk factors for developing cytomegalovirus retinitis in HIV-infected patients receiving protease inhibitor therapy. " 10/01/1998 - "Improved outcome of cytomegalovirus retinitis in AIDS patients after introduction of protease inhibitors." 04/01/1998 - "Regression of cytomegalovirus retinitis associated with protease-inhibitor treatment in patients with AIDS." 08/01/1997 - "To report the observation that anti-retroviral therapy that includes a protease inhibitor can induce the regression of cytomegalovirus retinitis without requiring specific anticytomegalovirus drug therapy. "
7.	3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycolIBA 07/01/1986 - "Reports of DHPG treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis." 09/01/1987 - "Treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis with DHPG in a patient with AIDS." 09/01/1987 - "DHPG appears to be effective in treating cytomegalovirus retinitis but long-term suppressive therapy would be necessary to prevent recurrence of the retinitis." 01/01/1989 - "Given at an early stage and without discontinuation, DHPG is an effective means of preventing or delaying blindness caused by cytomegalovirus retinitis in AIDS patients. " 10/01/1990 - "In the prefinal stage (on average 6 months ante finem), 25% of these patients developed typical, rapidly progressing cytomegalovirus retinitis with intraretinal hemorrhages and necrosis, which responded well to combined intravenous and intravitreal DHPG therapy. "
8.	Retinaldehyde (Retinal)IBA 01/21/2013 - "The purpose of this study is to report the novel finding of extensive retinal arteriolar occlusions and neovascularization in immunocompetent patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis. " 05/18/2020 - "Utility of Ultra-Widefield Retinal Imaging in the Follow-up and Management of Patients with Cytomegalovirus Retinitis." 01/01/2020 - "This work proposes an automated algorithms for classifying retinal fundus images as cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMVR), normal, and other diseases. " 07/10/2019 - "Autophagy protects against retinal cell death in mouse model of cytomegalovirus retinitis." 04/11/2019 - "Among the 8 eyes, 4 were diagnosed as cytomegalovirus retinitis, 3 showed retinal yellow-white lesions, and 1 was in late phase which showed retinal pigmentation. "
9.	NucleosidesIBA 10/18/1999 - "Nucleoside and nucleobase analogues are being used to treat a number of viral infections of the central nervous system (CNS) including herpes-simplex encephalitis, cytomegalovirus retinitis, and AIDS-related dementia complex. " 09/01/1985 - "We describe the use of an acyclic nucleoside 9-[2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl) ethoxy methyl]guanine (BW B759U), in the treatment of two patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis. " 04/01/1988 - "Extensive trials with intravenous ganciclovir, a nucleoside analogue with myelosuppressive toxicity, have shown that ganciclovir halts the progression of cytomegalovirus retinitis and gastrointestinal disease. " 04/01/1995 - "In this study we evaluated the safety and efficacy of the nucleoside phosphonate analogue intravitreal cidofovir to treat cytomegalovirus retinitis in humans. " 11/01/2012 - "Cidofovir is a nucleoside analog of the deoxycytidine antiviral drug approved for the intravenous treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis in AIDS patients. "
10.	Organophosphonates (Phosphonates)IBA 04/01/1995 - "In this study we evaluated the safety and efficacy of the nucleoside phosphonate analogue intravitreal cidofovir to treat cytomegalovirus retinitis in humans. " 05/14/2008 - "Cidofovir (CDV) is a phosphonate nucleotide that is approved for use against cytomegalovirus retinitis and for the emergency treatment of smallpox or complications following vaccination. " 01/01/2005 - "Three acyclic nucleoside phosphonates (ANPs) have been formally approved for clinical use in the treatment of 1) cytomegalovirus retinitis in AIDS patients (cidofovir, by the intravenous route), 2) chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections (adefovir dipivoxil, by the oral route), and 3) human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections (tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, by the oral route). " 02/01/2015 - "Acyclic nucleoside phosphonates (ANPs) are well-known for their antiviral properties, three of them being approved for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus infection (tenofovir), chronic hepatitis B (tenofovir and adefovir) or human cytomegalovirus retinitis (cidofovir). "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 01/01/1999 - "During his hospital treatment, he was affected with cytomegaloviral retinitis and cured by therapy. " 04/01/1998 - "Long-lasting remission of cytomegalovirus retinitis without maintenance therapy in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients." 07/15/1996 - "Cytomegalovirus retinitis could be prevented by improved antiretroviral therapies or by immune-based therapies that would prolong the time during which patients remain immunocompetent. " 03/18/2021 - "Timing of antiretroviral therapy for HIV-infected patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis: study protocol of a multi-center prospective randomized controlled trial." 10/01/1996 - "Although clinical trials on therapy exist for adults, management of cytomegalovirus retinitis in children is not as well-documented. "
2.	Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) 01/01/2019 - "The best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of 38 eyes (19 patients) was improved, and cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMVR) in 5 eyes (3 patients) regressed after HAART. " 12/01/1998 - "Failure of a prospective trial to detect cytomegalovirus retinitis after initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy." 01/01/2020 - "Spectrum of Newly Diagnosed Cytomegalovirus Retinitis in a Developing Country in the HAART Era." 03/01/2014 - "Cytomegalovirus retinitis was significantly associated with CD4+ cell count <50 cells/μL (p = 0.001; OR 5.50; 95% CI 1.95, 15.5), HAART-naive status (p = 0.02; OR 0.23; 95% CI 0.07, 0.79), and lower best-corrected visual acuity (p<0.001; OR 5.44; 95% CI 2.11, 14.0). " 06/01/2012 - "Incidence of cytomegalovirus retinitis in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy."
3.	Injections 12/01/1989 - "The retinal detachment could not be conclusively attributed to the injections and was probably a secondary complication of cytomegalovirus retinitis. " 04/01/1995 - "In a dose-escalating efficacy study (Group 2), eight eyes of seven patients received 11 injections of cidofovir as sole treatment for cytomegalovirus retinitis. " 06/28/2022 - "Macular oedema in patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis receiving vitreous cavity injections of ganciclovir needs to be further studied and discussed." 11/01/2019 - "Patients diagnosed with cytomegalovirus retinitis were offered weekly ganciclovir injections, because systemic treatment was not available. " 02/09/2018 - "A 79-year-old patient had bilateral cytomegalovirus retinitis and received bilateral intravitreal ganciclovir injections of 2.5 mg in 0.05 ml sterile water. "
4.	Intravitreal Injections 07/01/1996 - "Intravitreal injections can be effective in controlling cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients who are intolerant of or refuse systemic therapy." 10/31/2001 - "This implantable scleral plug was supposed to be advantageous for diseases such as cytomegalovirus retinitis that respond to repeated intravitreal injections and for vitreoretinal disorders that require vitrectomy." 12/10/2018 - "An initial high dose of ganciclovir (6 mg) and continuous intravitreal injections of ganciclovir could significantly decrease the cytomegalovirus load in HIV-negative patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis. " 12/10/2018 - "Twenty-four eyes (24 patients) with cytomegalovirus retinitis received multiple intravitreal injections of ganciclovir in weekly intervals. " 12/10/2018 - "Initial intravitreal injection of high-dose ganciclovir for cytomegalovirus retinitis in HIV-negative patients."
5.	Retreatment 04/15/1986 - "The cytomegalovirus retinitis recurred in four patients (the other two were lost to follow-up), but retreatment usually led to remission. " 01/01/1996 - "The Cytomegalovirus Retinitis Retreatment Trial was a multicenter clinical trial designed to evaluate three treatments for the treatment of relapsed CMV retinitis; (1) foscarnet; (2) 'high-dose' ganciclovir, and (3) combination foscarnet and ganciclovir. "