Cell Wall Skeleton

A mucoprotein found in the cell wall of various types of bacteria. It has adjuvant and antitumor activities and has been used to augment the production of lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells.

Networked: 164 relevant articles (11 outcomes, 17 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Bio-Agent Context: Research Results

Experts

1.	Yano, Ikuya: 5 articles (02/2014 - 03/2010)
2.	Azuma, Ichiro: 4 articles (08/2019 - 07/2004)
3.	Nakamura, Takashi: 4 articles (01/2016 - 06/2011)
4.	Akaza, Hideyuki: 4 articles (02/2014 - 10/2010)
5.	Kim, Ki-Hye: 3 articles (01/2022 - 11/2010)
6.	Harashima, Hideyoshi: 3 articles (02/2014 - 06/2011)
7.	Miyazaki, Jun: 3 articles (02/2014 - 06/2011)
8.	Nakaya, Akihiro: 3 articles (02/2014 - 06/2011)
9.	Matsumoto, Misako: 3 articles (07/2010 - 05/2005)
10.	Seya, Tsukasa: 3 articles (07/2010 - 05/2005)

Related Diseases

1.	Neoplasms (Cancer) 09/01/1975 - "CW and cell-wall skeleton (CWS) preparations from Mycobacterium phlei, a fast-growing saprophyte of group IV of the atypical mycobacteria, suppressed tumor growth in essentially all animals when 37.5-mug doses were administered; at a dose of 300 mug, they cured 50-60% of the animals in regression tests. " 04/01/2022 - "Nocardia rubra cell-wall skeleton (Nr-CWS) is reported as an external immunotherapeutic enhancer with the advantage of antitumor effect on human cancers. " 01/01/2022 - "The biological macromolecule Nocardia rubra cell-wall skeleton (Nr-CWS) has well-established immune-stimulating and anti-tumor activities. " 01/01/2020 - "Nocardia rubra cell wall skeleton (Nr-CWS) has been reported to have innate immunostimulating and anti-tumor activities. " 08/01/2017 - "Several lines of evidences have shown that Nocardia rubra cell wall skeleton (Nr-CWS) has immunoregulatory and anti-tumor activities. "
2.	Acute Myeloid Leukemia (Acute Myelogenous Leukemia) 04/15/1986 - "Randomized controlled study of chemoimmunotherapy of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) in adults with Nocardia rubra cell-wall skeleton and irradiated allogeneic AML cells." 03/01/1983 - "Chemoimmunotherapy for acute nonlymphocytic leukemia with BCG- and/or Nocardia rubra-cell wall skeleton (CWS). " 03/01/1983 - "Chemoimmunotherapy for acute nonlymphocytic leukemia with BCG-and/or Nocardia rubra-cell wall skeleton (CWS). " 12/01/1978 - "Chemoimmunotherapy of acute myelogenous leukemia with BCG-cell wall skeleton (CWS)." 04/01/1986 - "[Immunotherapy of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) in adults with the Nocardia rubra cell wall skeleton]."
3.	Lung Neoplasms (Lung Cancer) 02/01/1979 - "Effect of Nocardia rubra cell-wall skeleton on the induction of lung cancer in ACI/N rats." 12/01/1976 - "Effect of BCG cell-wall skeleton (BCG-CWS) on the recovery of responsiveness of lymphocytes and the survival period was studied in patients with lung cancer. " 01/01/1985 - "[Randomized controlled study on adjuvant immunotherapy for unresectable lung cancer with Nocardia rubra cell wall skeleton]." 11/01/1983 - "Randomized controlled study of adjuvant immunotherapy with Nocardia rubra cell wall skeleton for inoperable lung cancer." 04/01/1983 - "[Effect of adjuvant immunotherapy with Nocardia rubra cell-wall skeleton in lung cancer]."
4.	Malignant Pleural Effusion 08/01/1983 - "The intrapleural injection of BCG cell wall skeleton (BCG-CWS) is thought to be beneficial in the treatment of malignant pleural effusion. " 10/01/1976 - "The usefulness of the cell-wall skeleton of Mycobacterium bovis BCG (BCG-CWS) to the management of malignant pleural effusion is demonstrated in this report. " 10/01/1976 - "Successful treatment of the patients with malignant pleural effusion with BCG cell-wall skeleton." 01/01/1987 - "The ability of Nocardia rubra cell wall skeleton (N-CWS) to augment macrophage cytotoxicity function was examined using human pleural macrophages prepared from 32 malignant pleural effusions and 53 pleural washings. " 08/01/1984 - "A randomized controlled study of intrapleural instillation of Adriamycin (control group, 30 patients) and Adriamycin Nocardia rubra cell wall skeleton (N-CWS group, 26 patients) with tube thoracostomy was performed in 55 patients with malignant pleural effusion due to primary lung cancer. "
5.	Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions 07/07/2023 - "The effect of aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride topical powder photodynamic therapy versus nocardia rubra cell wall skeleton and observers group in the treatment of cervical low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions with human papillomavirus infection: A non-randomized study, controlled pilot study." 07/07/2023 - "There are insufficient studies comparing the efficacy of aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride topical powder (ALA) photodynamic therapy (PDT) against Nocardia rubra cell wall skeleton (Nr-CWS) therapy in the treatment of cervical low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) with human papillomavirus (HPV), especially for long-term efficacy. "

Related Drugs and Biologics

1.	Nocardia cell wall skeleton
2.	monophosphoryl lipid A
3.	Antigens
4.	Powders
5.	Peptides (Polypeptides)
6.	Aminolevulinic Acid (Levulan)
7.	1-phenyl-3,3-dimethyltriazene (PDT)
8.	Vaccines
9.	Poisons
10.	Trehalose

Related Therapies and Procedures

1.	Immunotherapy
2.	Therapeutics
3.	Photochemotherapy (Photodynamic Therapy)
4.	Radiotherapy
5.	Cryosurgery