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Liver Failure

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Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)

Also Known As:

Hepatic Failure

Networked: 4069 relevant articles (189 outcomes, 234 trials/studies) for this Disease, Comments

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Digestive System Diseases: 30
- Liver Diseases: 19572
  - Hepatic Insufficiency: 608
    - Liver Failure: 4069
      - Acute Liver Failure: 3211
      - Hepatic Encephalopathy: 2598

Related Diseases

1.	Liver Diseases (Liver Disease)
2.	Fibrosis (Cirrhosis)
3.	Acute Liver Failure (Fulminant Hepatic Failure)
4.	Hepatitis
5.	Poisoning

Experts

1.	Felipo, Vicente: 21 articles (07/2009 - 07/2002)
2.	Butterworth, Roger F: 20 articles (07/2009 - 07/2002)
3.	Shimada, Hiroshi: 17 articles (06/2009 - 01/2002)
4.	Togo, Shinji: 16 articles (06/2009 - 01/2002)
5.	Tanaka, Kuniya: 12 articles (02/2010 - 03/2002)
6.	Endo, Itaru: 12 articles (02/2010 - 03/2002)
7.	Rodrigo, Regina: 10 articles (05/2009 - 11/2004)
8.	Kobayashi, Naoya: 10 articles (05/2009 - 01/2003)
9.	Cauli, Omar: 9 articles (05/2009 - 03/2006)
10.	Matsuo, Kenichi: 9 articles (01/2009 - 01/2002)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Liver Failure:

1.	BilirubinIBA 07/01/2002 - "It removes bilirubin and other albumin-bound toxins from the patient and has been shown by preliminary studies of liver failure patients to be beneficial. " 01/01/2010 - "RESULTS: The proportions of patients with small or large ductal diameter who remained clinically controlled (serum bilirubin < 1.5mg/dl with no evidence of end stage liver failure) were 39% and 66.6% respectively (P=0.44). " 08/01/2009 - "Effective bilirubin reduction by single-pass albumin dialysis in liver failure." 07/01/2008 - "Fluorescence properties of albumin were altered by oxidation and, in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure, by high plasma levels of bilirubin. " 05/01/2007 - "Six out of 10 cases with total bilirubin level more than 5 mg/dl died by liver failure. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
2.	Lamivudine (3TC)FDA Link 11/01/2007 - "CONCLUSION: It is suggested that lamivudine therapy is beneficial for patients after initial treatment for HBV-related HCC because it contributes to improving remnant liver function, thus decreasing the risk of liver failure and increasing the chances of receiving available treatment modalities for recurrent HCC." 03/01/2005 - "CONCLUSIONS: Lamivudine monotherapy conferred no significant protection against rapid progression of the disease to hepatic failure, but it resulted in long-term benefits. " 11/01/2008 - "The aims of this study were to select the patients with a potential for progression to hepatic failure due to lamivudine-resistant HBV and to standardize the treatment for patients with lamivudine-resistant HBV. " 06/04/1999 - "A marked reduction of virus particles in the blood occurred after a therapeutic trial with the nucleoside analog lamivudine, but the patient died of liver failure 30 days after admission. " 11/01/2008 - "Predictive factors associated with the progression to hepatic failure caused by lamivudine-resistant HBV." Order ALL the reference details at left...
3.	AmmoniaIBA 08/01/2005 - "Furthermore, this system improved the survival time and decreased serum concentrations of DZP, ammonia, and transaminase in dogs with ischemic hepatic failure plus acute DZP overdosage. " 07/01/2005 - "A direct effect of ammonia on GABAergic neurotransmission was proposed as a mechanism that may explain its neurotoxic effect on the basis of electrophysiological and biochemical studies performed in animal models of liver failure. " 01/01/2005 - "CONCLUSION: The results of this study demonstrate a significant relationship between TNF and ammonia in patients with chronic liver failure and HE, and so strengthen the suggestion that TNF could be strongly involved in the pathogenesis of HE in these patients. " 12/01/2002 - "Positron emission tomography studies using 13HN3 provide evidence of increased blood-brain ammonia transfer and brain ammonia utilization rates in patients with chronic liver failure. " 12/01/2002 - "Results of neuropathologic, spectroscopic, and neurochemical studies continue to confirm a major role for ammonia in the pathogenesis of the central nervous system complications of both acute and chronic liver failure. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
4.	CytokinesIBA 01/01/2003 - "The study confirms the efficacy of MARS therapy in terms of homeostasis of the cytokines network and suggests an usefulness of monitoring their level during liver failure." 02/01/2009 - "GOALS: This study attempts to determine expressions of intrahepatic proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines and their secreting immunocytes to evaluate their roles in the pathogenesis of acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) in chronically hepatitis B virus (HBV)-infected patients. " 10/01/2002 - "This article gives an overview of the cellular processes that are linked to the loss of hepatocytes as a reaction to various agents that cause hepatic failure, and summarizes recent results from clinical and experimental studies of the role of pro- and antiapoptotic cytokines and their intracellular signaling in this context." 01/01/2009 - "Role of cytokines in the pathophysiology of acute-on-chronic liver failure." 04/01/2008 - "CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with MMF has a protective effect on endotoxin-induced fatal liver failure by regulating the production of inflammatory cytokines and T-cell proliferation." Order ALL the reference details at left...
5.	Dacarbazine (DIC)FDA LinkGeneric 02/01/2002 - "We report a patient who developed severe hepatic failure following DTIC treatment who responded favorably to treatment with glucocorticosteroid." 01/01/2002 - "With regard to cause of death, seven patients died of pulmonary failure, one of liver failure, and one of DIC. " 10/01/1992 - "The case demonstrates how this approach can be successfully used in the management of DIC with coexisting liver failure." 10/01/1985 - "We conclude that HCII activity is decreased in many patients with DIC and hepatic failure." 05/15/1980 - "It is likely that in this patient the hepatic failure was due to DTIC alone. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
6.	Acetylcysteine (Siran)FDA LinkGeneric 09/01/2007 - "RESULTS: Of 205 acutely poisoned individuals treated with N-acetylcysteine for 48 hours or less, 195 were successfully contacted after discharge, and 187 of 195 (95.9%) reported no symptoms consistent with hepatic failure. " 08/01/2007 - "Prompt recognition of overdose, aggressive management, and administration of N-acetylcysteine can minimize hepatotoxicity and prevent liver failure and death. " 01/01/1999 - "[N-Acetylcysteine--a new possibility in the therapy of hepatic failure]" 05/01/1986 - "One patient with a chronic alcohol-drinking history (greater than 200 g/day) received N-acetylcysteine at 12 h but died from liver failure. " 02/23/1981 - "Acetylcysteine was effective in preventing liver damage, hepatic failure, renal damage, and death when given eight to ten hours after poisoning. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
7.	Bile Acids and Salts (Bile Acids)IBA 03/01/2007 - "Removal of bile acids by two different extracorporeal liver support systems in acute-on-chronic liver failure." 08/01/2002 - "BACKGROUND: Serum bile acids are increased in liver failure, but the composition of the bile acid pool in this condition has not been studied in detail. " 10/01/1995 - "We conclude that in infants with end-stage liver failure, the microsomal hydroxylation of bile acids is impaired and the excretion of delta 4-3-oxo bile acids is increased." 09/01/1986 - "Conjugating ability of bile acids in hepatic failure." 08/01/2002 - "Serum bile acids in patients with liver failure supported with a bioartificial liver." Order ALL the reference details at left...
8.	recombinant FVIIa (rFVIIa)IBA 09/01/2003 - "CONCLUSIONS: In patients with liver failure, rFVIIa therapy quickly normalizes the PT and maintains improved hemostasis, even when coagulopathy has been refractory to fresh frozen plasma. " 03/01/2005 - "Use of recombinant factor VIIa in pediatric patients with liver failure and severe coagulopathy." 09/01/2003 - "RESULTS: Fifteen patients were treated with rFVIIa for coagulopathy caused by liver failure. " 09/01/2003 - "METHODS: A retrospective review from July 2000 to December 2001 was performed to identify consecutive patients with acute or chronic liver failure who received rFVIIa. " 09/01/2003 - "Our aim is to identify indications for rFVIIa use and the outcome of treatment in children with liver failure. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
9.	Acetaminophen (Paracetamol)FDA LinkGeneric 10/01/2007 - "The findings from this study demonstrate that hepatic efflux transporter expression is up-regulated in cases of APAP-induced liver failure and PBC. " 09/01/2007 - "STUDY OBJECTIVE: To compare the reported occurrence of liver failure in subjects in prospective trials with that in patients in retrospective reports after repeated use of therapeutic dosages of acetaminophen. " 01/01/2003 - "Much effort is being devoted to the study of the molecular mechanisms of paracetamol hepatotoxicity, and it is hoped that further advances may make it possible to prevent liver failure in all patients, irrespective of delays in presentation. " 05/01/1996 - "In this study an antigenic biomarker for APAP toxicity was used to confirm the diagnosis of APAP-induced hepatic failure in two children with chronic APAP toxicity. " 01/15/2010 - "Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is the most frequent cause of drug-induced liver failure in the US. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
10.	InterferonsIBA 01/01/1997 - "Interferon improved liver function in 2 patients, however, 1 patient died of liver failure despite interferon therapy. " 04/01/1993 - "A preliminary open trial on interferon stimulator (SNMC) derived from Glycyrrhiza glabra in the treatment of subacute hepatic failure." 08/15/1998 - "Four patients developed rapidly progressive liver failure while receiving interferon therapy and required urgent re-transplantation. " 09/15/1993 - "[Report of a case: hepatic failure after treatment with interferon]" 05/01/2008 - "[Endocrinal dysfunctions in liver failure of different etiologies and during interferon therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B and C]" Order ALL the reference details at left...

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Liver Transplantation 10/01/2004 - "INTRODUCTION: The most effective treatment for acute or chronic liver failure is orthotopic liver transplantation. " 06/27/1999 - "CONCLUSIONS: The observations and results obtained in this trial strongly confirm that extracorporeal perfusion through a whole liver, using the system described, is very successful and cost effective for the treatment of acute, but reversible hepatic failure, as well as serving as a bridge to liver transplantation. " 08/01/1998 - "Liver transplantation continues to be successful and effective treatment for acute and chronic liver failure, and many important lessons have been learned. " 06/01/2008 - "Orthotopic liver transplantation is an effective treatment of liver failure caused by EPP. " 09/01/2004 - "Immunosuppressive treatment was effective in all except 2 children who had subfulminant hepatic failure and who required liver transplantation. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
2.	Artificial Liver (Bioartificial Liver) 01/01/2006 - "The significant improvement of survival times and pathological parameters by bioartificial liver with recombinant HepG2 in porcine liver failure model." 03/14/2007 - "Bioartificial liver support, in which living liver tissue is used to support hepatic function, has been anticipated as an effective treatment for hepatic failure. " 01/01/2002 - "Bioartificial liver support systems containing adsorbent devices, xenogeneic whole liver perfusion, and hybrid bioartificial liver are anticipated to be effective for the treatment of severe hepatic failure. " 03/01/2001 - "As a preclinical experiment, a hybrid artificial liver with 200 g porcine hepatocytes was applied to a pig (25 kg) with liver failure and showed that the hybrid artificial liver was effective in support of liver functions and stabilization of general conditions. " 10/01/1997 - "These results show that the key technology of bioartificial liver has been dereloped basically and this EBLSS is effective and safe, providing a foundation for the support and treatment of hepatic failure with bioartificial liver." Order ALL the reference details at left...
3.	Transplantation (Transplant Recipients) 06/01/2008 - "Intravenous transplantation was more effective in rescuing liver failure than intrasplenic transplantation. " 01/01/2009 - "Hepatocyte transplantation is effective for treating liver failure, but healthy donors as a source of hepatocytes are quite limited. " 01/01/2005 - "Transplantation of the purified hepatocyte-like cells derived from mouse ES cells might be an effective treatment for liver failure." 01/01/2001 - "BACKGROUND: Hepatocyte transplantation has been shown to be effective in the treatment of liver failure; however, the shortage of donor organs limits its clinical application. " 01/10/2000 - "Hepatic decompensation resolved without the need for transplantation in the 2 patients with liver failure, and all patients recovered to their baseline liver function levels within 1 month of onset of acute illness. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
4.	Transplants (Transplant) 09/01/2003 - "It should be suspected and diagnosed early since treatment is highly effective in preventing liver failure and transplant. " 12/01/2009 - "In our 18 patients, there were no statistically significant differences in any baseline characteristics or in the time with liver failure meeting transplant criteria between the patients who improved while waiting and those who did not. " 07/01/2009 - "The commission highlighted the urgent need for such models and of improved models of HE in chronic liver failure in general as well as a need for models of post-transplant neuropsychiatric disorders. " 04/01/2009 - "Allocation of deceased-donor livers to chronic liver failure patients would be improved by prioritizing patients by transplant survival benefit." 10/29/2005 - "The second patient had an incomplete remission and later developed liver failure; she was eligible for a liver transplant. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
5.	Plasma Exchange 05/01/2008 - "PURPOSE: Owing to its non-selectivity, plasma exchange has limited use in the treatment of patients with hepatic failure, although it is effective in removal of protein-bound toxins. " 01/01/1991 - "To evaluate the efficacy of plasma perfusion as a liver-assistance system, 17 patients with hepatic failure were treated with a total 37 sessions of plasma perfusion and 43 sessions of plasma exchange. " 01/01/2006 - "Practically speaking, we believe that plasma exchange (PE) and continuous hemodiafiltration (CHDF) are the most effective therapies for the treatment of liver failure, although randomized controlled studies are needed to determine their effects. " 06/01/2004 - "Study of plasma exchange for liver failure: beneficial and harmful effects." 07/01/2001 - "PATIENTS: The study involved 90 patients with liver failure who had been treated with plasma exchange in our department over the past 12 yrs. " Order ALL the reference details at left...

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