Microsporidiosis

Infections with FUNGI of the phylum MICROSPORIDIA.

Also Known As:

Infections, Microspora; Microsporidia Infection; Infection, Microspora; Infection, Microsporidia; Infections, Microsporidia; Microspora Infection; Microsporidia Infections; Microsporidioses; Microspora Infections

Networked: 215 relevant articles (28 outcomes, 26 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Infections: 526564
- Bacterial Infections and Mycoses: 1
  - Mycoses: 11300
    - Microsporidiosis: 215
      - Encephalitozoonosis: 27

Related Diseases

1.	Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
2.	Cryptosporidiosis
3.	Infections
4.	Diarrhea
5.	HIV Infections (HIV Infection)

Experts

1.	Weiss, Louis M: 11 articles (01/2022 - 01/2002)
2.	Sarfati, C: 5 articles (08/2010 - 06/2000)
3.	Molina, Jean-Michel: 4 articles (01/2021 - 06/2002)
4.	Didier, Elizabeth S: 4 articles (12/2010 - 04/2005)
5.	Didier, Peter J: 4 articles (12/2010 - 05/2005)
6.	Pan, Guoqing: 3 articles (01/2022 - 10/2014)
7.	Takvorian, Peter M: 3 articles (01/2022 - 05/2005)
8.	Han, Bing: 3 articles (12/2021 - 11/2018)
9.	Sak, Bohumil: 3 articles (07/2021 - 01/2013)
10.	Graczyk, Thaddeus K: 3 articles (04/2010 - 04/2007)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Microsporidiosis:

1.	Albendazole (Albenza)FDA Link 11/01/1997 - "Species-specific identification of microsporidia has become important because of varying levels of response to albendazole, which is the only effective treatment for some kinds of intestinal microsporidiosis. " 06/01/1995 - "However, good results are obtained with Albendazole in intestinal microsporidiosis." 07/01/2008 - "This case of microsporidiosis manifested as mutiple intracranial lesions separated in space and time, and neurological and radiological findings were improved with albendazole administration. " 11/01/1994 - "Since patients infected with Encephalitozoon spp. are known to respond favorably to albendazole, identification of the parasite to the species level would be invaluable in the treatment of disseminated microsporidiosis." 01/01/2018 - "Currently, albendazole is most commonly used to treat microsporidiosis caused by Encephalitozoon species. "
2.	fumagillinIBA 01/01/2021 - "Safety and efficacy of fumagillin for the treatment of intestinal microsporidiosis. " 06/01/2006 - "These results thus support continued studies to identify more effective fumagillin-related drugs for treating microsporidiosis." 11/01/1997 - "Our study allowed the identification of oral fumagillin as a potential treatment for intestinal microsporidiosis due to E. " 09/01/2018 - "bombycis and also towards the usage of Fumagillin in the control of microsporidiosis in B. " 01/01/2017 - "Enterocytozoon bieneusi Microsporidiosis in Stem Cell Transplant Recipients Treated with Fumagillin"
3.	nitazoxanide (NTZ)FDA Link 01/01/2000 - "This suggests that nitazoxanide may be effective in treating microsporidiosis caused by E. " 05/15/1998 - "NTZ may also be effective for microsporidiosis, giardia, and other parasites. " 01/01/2022 - "The successful treatment of Enterocytozoon bieneusi Microsporidiosis with nitazoxanide in a patient with B-ALL: A Case Report." 01/01/2000 - "Successful treatment with nitazoxanide of Enterocytozoon bieneusi microsporidiosis in a patient with AIDS." 01/01/1996 - "Unimed also plans to begin testing NTZ's effectiveness against microsporidiosis, and reports that lactose-free azithromycin shows promise as an effective treatment for cryptosporidiosis."
4.	Thalidomide (Thalomid)FDA Link 06/01/1997 - "Thalidomide: a novel therapy for microsporidiosis." 07/01/1998 - "Thalidomide shows a significant ability to eliminate painful mouth ulcers in HIV patients and is also effective in reversing wasting and clearing up severe diarrhea caused by microsporidiosis. " 11/03/1995 - "Other topics include the use of thalidomide for aphthous ulcers, Kaposi's sarcoma, and microsporidiosis. " 09/01/1998 - "In HIV-positive people, Thalidomide has been shown effective in treating mouth, throat, vaginal, and rectal ulcers, and has also been successful in clearing severe diarrhea-causing microsporidiosis infections. " 06/01/1997 - "Fecal tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) is elevated in microsporidiosis; therefore, thalidomide, an anti-TNF-alpha agent, was used as therapy. "
5.	benzimidazoleIBA 06/01/2005 - "Current therapies for microsporidiosis include albendazole, a benzimidazole that inhibits microtubule assembly and is effective against several microsporidia, including the Encephalitozoon spp., although it is less effective against Encephalitozoon bieneusi. " 04/01/2005 - "Current therapies for microsporidiosis include albendazole which is a benzimidazole that inhibits microtubule assembly and is effective against several microsporidia, including the Encephalitozoon species, but is less effective against E. "
6.	FluoroquinolonesIBA 05/01/2005 - "Therefore, these results support continued studies for evaluating the efficacy of the fluoroquinolones for treating microsporidiosis and for characterizing the target(s) of these fluoroquinolones in the microsporidia."
7.	PolyaminesIBA 01/01/2002 - "Novel synthetic polyamines are effective in the treatment of experimental microsporidiosis, an opportunistic AIDS-associated infection." 11/01/2018 - "Areas covered: Herein, we discuss the detection and symptoms of microsporidiosis in humans and the therapeutic targets that have been utilized for the design of new drugs for the treatment of this infection, including triosephosphate isomerase, tubulin, MetAP2, topoisomerase IV, chitin synthases, and polyamines. " 01/01/2022 - "In this article we provide a comprehensive summary of the current as well as several promising new agents for the treatment of microsporidiosis including: albendazole, fumagillin, nikkomycin, orlistat, synthetic polyamines, and quinolones. "
8.	Azithromycin (Zithromax)FDA LinkGeneric 12/01/2001 - "However, 9 children (7 HIV-infected and 2 HIV-uninfected) with persistent diarrhea who also had cryptosporidiosis and/or microsporidiosis did not respond to azithromycin and/or albendazole respectively. " 01/01/1996 - "Unimed also plans to begin testing NTZ's effectiveness against microsporidiosis, and reports that lactose-free azithromycin shows promise as an effective treatment for cryptosporidiosis."
9.	BenzimidazolesIBA 10/01/2006 - "Benzimidazoles are not active against Enterocytozoon bieneusi, the most common cause of human microsporidiosis. " 10/01/1995 - "The need for an effective compound for the prevention and treatment of cryptosporidiosis in humans and animals has led to the testing of benzimidazoles based on reports that albendazole was clinically effective against related protozoan parasites causing microsporidiosis in humans. " 10/01/2006 - "Current therapies for microsporidiosis include benzimidazoles, which bind tubulin-inhibiting microtubule assembly, and fumagillin and its derivatives, which bind and inhibit methionine amino peptidase type 2 (MetAP2). "
10.	Atovaquone (Mepron)FDA Link 06/01/1996 - "Atovaquone is effective treatment for the symptoms of gastrointestinal microsporidiosis in HIV-1-infected patients." 06/01/1996 - "Atovaquone demonstrates promise as a symptomatic treatment for intestinal microsporidiosis. " 06/01/1996 - "To report the clinical response to atovaquone in HIV-1-infected patients with symptomatic intestinal microsporidiosis. " 06/01/1996 - "A retrospective review of a cohort of AIDS patients with symptomatic intestinal microsporidiosis who received atovaquone. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 09/01/2014 - "Through increased awareness and improved diagnostics, microsporidiosis has now been identified in a broader range of human populations; however current therapies are inconsistently effective. " 09/01/2000 - "Lack of either sufficiently suggestive or definitive human studies prevents the endorsement of these modes of therapy for treatment of gastrointestinal microsporidiosis at this time." 01/01/2022 - "Current Therapy and Therapeutic Targets for Microsporidiosis." 02/01/2019 - "As the current therapies for intestinal microsporidiosis are either inconsistent in their efficacies or hampered by several adverse effects, alternative antimicrosporidial agents are being sought. " 01/01/2017 - "The prevalence of HIV-associated microsporidiosis diminished following the introduction of effective anti-retroviral therapy."
2.	Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) 03/01/2009 - "This study thus highlighted the limited genetic diversity among Australian Enterocytozoon bieneusi isolates, and it is hypothesized that, due to the reduced incidence of microsporidia and the subsequent reduction in the human reservoir of the anthroponotic genotype B, locally acquired intestinal microsporidiosis will rarely be seen in HIV-infected persons undergoing highly active antiretroviral therapy in the future in Australia." 11/01/2007 - "Limited data exist regarding the incidence of intestinal microsporidiosis following the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in Australia. " 11/01/1997 - "Remission of AIDS-associated intestinal microsporidiosis with highly active antiretroviral therapy." 01/01/2014 - "The incidence of microsporidiosis has decreased with the advent of combination antiretroviral therapy but it is frequently reported in non-HIV immunosuppressed patients and as a latent infection in immunocompetent individuals. " 11/01/2007 - "Declining incidence of intestinal microsporidiosis and reduction in AIDS-related mortality following introduction of HAART in Sydney, Australia."
3.	RNAi Therapeutics 02/27/2021 - "The results from the work completed here enhance our understanding of honey bee host responses to microsporidia infection and highlight that RNAi-based therapeutics are a promising treatment for honey bee diseases."
4.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 03/10/2003 - "This study will be valuable for further work in biochemistry and immunology in addition to chemotherapy for microsporidiosis humans and animals." 01/01/2013 - "These findings stress the danger of latent microsporidiosis as a life-threatening risk factor especially for individuals undergoing chemotherapy and in transplant recipients of organs originating from infected donors." 04/01/2012 - "Patients had Blastocystis hominis and microsporidia infections that were only present during the intermediate chemotherapy cycles. " 01/01/2020 - "While microsporidiosis in humans can occur in both immune competent and immune compromised hosts, it has most often been seen in the immune suppressed population, e.g., patients with advanced HIV infection, patients who have had organ transplantation, those undergoing chemotherapy, or patients using other immune suppressive agents. "
5.	Immunotherapy 01/01/1993 - "Experimental microsporidiosis in SCID mice should provide a useful model for studies in microsporidial pathogenesis, mechanisms of resistance, immunotherapy, and in evaluating potential antimicrosporidial agents."