Cerebral Toxoplasmosis

Infections of the BRAIN caused by the protozoan TOXOPLASMA gondii that primarily arise in individuals with IMMUNOLOGIC DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES (see also AIDS-RELATED OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS). The infection may involve the brain diffusely or form discrete abscesses. Clinical manifestations include SEIZURES, altered mentation, headache, focal neurologic deficits, and INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch27, pp41-3)

Also Known As:

Networked: 329 relevant articles (22 outcomes, 33 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
2.	Lymphoma (Lymphomas)
3.	HIV Infections (HIV Infection)
4.	Toxoplasmosis
5.	Hypersensitivity (Allergy)

Experts

1.	Pereira-Chioccola, Vera Lucia: 7 articles (01/2020 - 10/2005)
2.	Vidal, José E: 7 articles (10/2019 - 10/2005)
3.	Vidal, José Ernesto: 4 articles (01/2019 - 12/2009)
4.	Peregudova, A B: 4 articles (01/2014 - 01/2007)
5.	Pereira-Chioccola, Vera L: 4 articles (09/2013 - 07/2008)
6.	Gava, Ricardo: 3 articles (01/2020 - 09/2013)
7.	Hiramoto, Roberto M: 3 articles (09/2013 - 07/2008)
8.	Meira, Cristina S: 3 articles (09/2013 - 07/2008)
9.	Goncharov, D B: 3 articles (01/2013 - 01/2007)
10.	Vidal, Jose Ernesto: 2 articles (01/2020 - 10/2011)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Cerebral Toxoplasmosis:

1.	Pyrimethamine (Daraprim)FDA Link 06/01/1995 - "To our knowledge, these are the first cases of childhood and adult cerebral toxoplasmosis treated successfully with HNPQ and rapid oral desensitization to pyrimethamine. " 01/01/1993 - "To assess the efficacy of pyrimethamine (Pyr) for primary prophylaxis of cerebral toxoplasmosis (CT) in HIV patients (pts), 554 pts were randomized in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (mean follow-up: 14 months). " 06/01/1998 - "The ANRS 005/ACTG 154 Study was a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, international (French, U.S., and Spanish) multicenter trial designed to assess the effectiveness of pyrimethamine for the primary prophylaxis of cerebral toxoplasmosis (CT) in HIV-infected patients with advanced immunodeficiency. " 01/01/1994 - "Pyrimethamine alone as long-term suppressive therapy in cerebral toxoplasmosis." 01/01/1993 - "[Primary prevention of cerebral toxoplasmosis in patients with HIV infection: results of a double-blind randomized trial, pyrimethamine versus placebo]."
2.	Sulfadiazine (Sulphadiazine)FDA Link 11/24/2022 - "He was admitted for cerebral toxoplasmosis and discharged the previous 14 days with sulfadiazine. " 10/01/2018 - "There were also no fetal cerebral toxoplasmosis lesions in the pyrimethamine + sulfadiazine group. " 03/01/2012 - "This case serves to remind clinicians of the need for vigilance when treating cerebral toxoplasmosis with sulphadiazine, in order to avoid this potentially serious complication of treatment." 08/01/1999 - "Two HIV seropositive patients receiving sulfadiazine for presumed cerebral toxoplasmosis who developed an obstructive nephropathy are described. " 03/01/1998 - "[Desensitization with sulfadiazine in a patient with cerebral toxoplasmosis refractory to alternative treatment]."
3.	Clindamycin (Cleocin)FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/1998 - "Our study provides a pharmacokinetic rationale for the clinical efficacy of clindamycin in the treatment of cerebral toxoplasmosis." 09/01/2012 - "Successful treatment of cerebral toxoplasmosis with clindamycin: a case report." 08/01/1991 - "[Clindamycin in cerebral toxoplasmosis]." 08/01/1988 - "Clindamycin in cerebral toxoplasmosis." 04/01/1988 - "Clindamycin in cerebral toxoplasmosis."
4.	Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination Trimethoprim (Co-Trimoxazole)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2017 - "Presumptive treatment of cerebral toxoplasmosis with co-trimoxazole was effective in all patients with a significant clinical improvement in 83.3%. " 10/01/2019 - "Efficacy and safety of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in HIV-infected patients with cerebral toxoplasmosis in Brazil: a single-arm open-label clinical trial." 01/01/2017 - "No case of cerebral toxoplasmosis was noted in patients receiving co-trimoxazole in prevention. " 01/01/2017 - "A systematic review and meta-analysis of the relative efficacy and safety of treatment regimens for HIV-associated cerebral toxoplasmosis: is trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole a real option?" 01/01/2011 - "We are reporting a case of cerebral toxoplasmosis presented with status epileptics and treated with cotrimoxazole. "
5.	Azithromycin (Zithromax)FDA LinkGeneric 02/24/1994 - "Treatment of presumed cerebral toxoplasmosis with azithromycin." 02/15/1992 - "Azithromycin for cerebral toxoplasmosis." 07/15/1997 - "Azithromycin for relapsing cerebral toxoplasmosis in AIDS." 01/23/1993 - "Azithromycin for cerebral toxoplasmosis in AIDS." 04/01/2023 - "The use of azithromycin and pyrimethamine for treatment of cerebral toxoplasmosis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: a systematic review."
6.	Adrenal Cortex Hormones (Corticosteroids)IBA 12/01/1999 - "We report a case of late cerebral toxoplasmosis reactivation, which was probably triggered by a brief course of corticosteroids, administered for chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD). " 03/01/1991 - "The objectives of this study were to evaluate the efficacy of a sulphadiazine desensitization protocol to treat patients with AIDS and cerebral toxoplasmosis (CT) and known sulphonamide allergy, to ensure that an adequate dose of sulphadiazine (2-4 g/day) was achieved rapidly (within 4-5 days), and to assess the effect of concurrent corticosteroid (CS) administration on the success rate of the regimen. "
7.	Ivermectin (Mectizan)FDA Link 09/01/2023 - "The current study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of ivermectin (IVM) in treating latent cerebral toxoplasmosis and define its role in the neuromodulation of cerebral tissue GABA expression, conducted in an immunocompromised dexamethasone-treated mouse model infected with the ME49 Toxoplasma strain. "
8.	gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)IBA 09/01/2023 - "The current study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of ivermectin (IVM) in treating latent cerebral toxoplasmosis and define its role in the neuromodulation of cerebral tissue GABA expression, conducted in an immunocompromised dexamethasone-treated mouse model infected with the ME49 Toxoplasma strain. "
9.	Dexamethasone (Maxidex)FDA LinkGeneric 09/01/2023 - "The current study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of ivermectin (IVM) in treating latent cerebral toxoplasmosis and define its role in the neuromodulation of cerebral tissue GABA expression, conducted in an immunocompromised dexamethasone-treated mouse model infected with the ME49 Toxoplasma strain. "
10.	3,8-dihydroxy-6H-dibenzo(b,d)pyran-6-oneIBA 10/01/2020 - "Together, our findings demonstrate the potential of dietary supplementation with urolithin-A-enriched food as a novel natural remedy for the treatment of acute and chronic neurotoxoplasmosis." 10/01/2020 - "In this study, we investigated the potential of pomegranate extract and urolithin-A as anti-neurotoxoplasmosis agents in-vitro and in-vivo. " 10/01/2020 - "Urolithin-A attenuates neurotoxoplasmosis and alters innate response towards predator odor."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 09/01/2014 - "She was diagnosed with an intracerebral mass and treated as neurotoxoplasmosis with improvement in the first week of therapy. " 01/01/1988 - "During the first two months of therapy, four patients died of acute neurotoxoplasmosis and 31 showed improvement. " 01/01/2017 - "The objective of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature to evaluate the efficacy and safety of therapies for cerebral toxoplasmosis in HIV-infected adults. " 04/01/2021 - "Clinicians should recognize the delay of clinical and radiological improvement for hemorrhagic cerebral toxoplasmosis and patiently continue the antitoxoplasma therapy." 06/05/2020 - "required anti-pneumocystis therapy) and one reported case of central nervous system toxoplasmosis while receiving IVP for PCP prophylaxis. "
2.	Aftercare (After-Treatment) 06/01/2002 - "Symptoms and neuroradiologic abnormality improved after treatment for cerebral toxoplasmosis. " 04/08/1995 - "Symptoms and neuroradiologic findings improved after treatment for cerebral toxoplasmosis. " 10/01/1994 - "Persistent enhancement after treatment for cerebral toxoplasmosis in patients with AIDS: predictive value for subsequent recurrence."
3.	Organ Transplantation 01/01/1995 - "In a larger population of 48 women receiving immunosuppressive therapy after organ transplantation, not a single case of cerebral toxoplasmosis was observed during pregnancy, while in the 105 HIV-positive women in the Swiss HIV and Pregnancy study, there was only one case of cerebral toxoplasmosis during pregnancy and the puerperium (20 CD4/microliters), even though some 17% of those sampled (18/105) had CD4 levels below 200 cells/microliters on at least one occasion during pregnancy. "
4.	Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) 05/01/2023 - "Persistence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Associated Cerebral Toxoplasmosis Lesions in Successfully Treated Patients Receiving Combination Antiretroviral Therapy." 11/01/2005 - "In the group of patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy, who had an average CD4 of 256 cells/mm(3) and average of viral load of 52,620 copies, 16.6% had concomitant ocular and central nervous system toxoplasmosis. " 10/01/2005 - "All patients were placed on HAART within the first 4 weeks of diagnosis of cerebral toxoplasmosis. " 10/01/2005 - "At diagnosis of cerebral toxoplasmosis, only 4 (7%) patients were on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), and 6 (11%) were receiving primary cerebral toxoplasmosis prophylaxis. " 10/01/2005 - "Cerebral toxoplasmosis in HIV-positive patients in Brazil: clinical features and predictors of treatment response in the HAART era."
5.	Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation 03/05/2019 - "Cerebral toxoplasmosis after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation diagnosed by megagenomic analysis." 03/10/2017 - "Herein, we report that cerebral toxoplasmosis may occur 22 months after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. " 03/10/2017 - "Late-Onset Cerebral Toxoplasmosis After Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation." 02/01/2015 - "Cerebral toxoplasmosis in an adolescent post allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: successful outcome by antiprotozoal chemotherapy and CD4+ T-lymphocyte recovery." 03/02/2023 - "[Cerebral toxoplasmosis after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in two children with thalassemia]."