Gestational Diabetes (Gestational Diabetes Mellitus)

Diabetes mellitus induced by PREGNANCY but resolved at the end of pregnancy. It does not include previously diagnosed diabetics who become pregnant (PREGNANCY IN DIABETICS). Gestational diabetes usually develops in late pregnancy when insulin antagonistic hormones peaks leading to INSULIN RESISTANCE; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; and HYPERGLYCEMIA.

Also Known As:

Networked: 8960 relevant articles (233 outcomes, 1790 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Insulin Resistance
2.	Overweight
3.	Birth Weight (Birth Weights)
4.	Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (MODY)
5.	Obesity

Experts

1.	Kautzky-Willer, Alexandra: 69 articles (12/2021 - 02/2003)
2.	Zhang, Cuilin: 47 articles (01/2022 - 04/2004)
3.	Asemi, Zatollah: 41 articles (06/2022 - 04/2013)
4.	Retnakaran, Ravi: 37 articles (02/2022 - 08/2003)
5.	Desoye, Gernot: 35 articles (02/2022 - 01/2009)
6.	Tura, Andrea: 34 articles (11/2021 - 02/2003)
7.	Pacini, Giovanni: 32 articles (11/2021 - 02/2003)
8.	Sobrevia, Luis: 31 articles (10/2022 - 01/2003)
9.	Damm, Peter: 31 articles (02/2022 - 07/2007)
10.	Jamilian, Mehri: 29 articles (01/2022 - 06/2015)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Gestational Diabetes:

1.	Glucose (Dextrose)FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/1985 - "This study was performed to examine the relationship between maternal age and serum glucose levels during pregnancy, and to determine if glucose screening could be eliminated in very young women without significantly compromising the detection rate of gestational diabetes mellitus. " 01/01/2019 - "Rather, its use as an adjunct to Carpenter-Coustan testing, with reflex to early 3 hour glucose tolerance testing for those with values 5.9-6.4%, is an inexpensive and simple method that identifies women with preexisting diabetes and high-risk gestational diabetes mellitus early in pregnancy, allowing early intervention and the prospect of improved outcomes." 12/01/2003 - "However, infants of women with gestational diabetes mellitus had significantly greater skinfold measures (P=.0001) and fat mass (gestational diabetes mellitus [436+/-206 g] vs normal glucose tolerance [362+/-198 g], P=.0002) compared with infants of women with normal glucose tolerance. " 10/01/1999 - "Early gestational glucose screening, if performed, may be beneficial in detecting gestational diabetes. " 09/01/1996 - "Early gestational glucose screening may be beneficial in detecting gestational diabetes in patients over 30 years old who are black or who have risk factors for diabetes. "
2.	Insulin (Novolin)FDA Link 01/01/2018 - "Most professional societies recommend insulin as first-line treatment of gestational diabetes after failure of lifestyle modification. " 01/01/1985 - "The percent specific binding of insulin to red blood cell receptors was lower in both gestational diabetes groups than in control subjects, with the most marked decrease in the obese group. " 01/01/2021 - "The recommended first-line treatment for women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in the case of failure of diet is insulin. " 02/01/2017 - "Our results indicate that gestational diabetes by appropriate diet or insulin treatment may be effective in the protection of fetuses of diabetic mothers from the negative effects of gestational diabetes. " 05/01/2019 - "Insulin does not cross the placenta and has an established safety profile in pregnancy and is therefore considered a first-line treatment for gestational diabetes. "
3.	Metformin (Glucophage)FDA LinkGeneric 05/01/2016 - "Metformin may be beneficial in treating gestational diabetes. " 07/01/2012 - "According to our clinical experience, PCOS patients who became pregnant and were not treated with metformin during the whole pregnancy, showed a higher prevalence of gestational diabetes and SGA newborns, which was improved with metformin treatment. " 10/01/2022 - "Metformin is widely used for the treatment of gestational diabetes. " 12/01/2019 - "Metformin is a clinically effective, inexpensive and safe drug for treating gestational diabetes mellitus." 06/01/2012 - "There is increasing evidence that metformin is safe and effective in the treatment of gestational diabetes (GDM), although it has not yet been widely accepted for routine practice. "
4.	Blood Glucose (Blood Sugar)IBA 09/01/2021 - "Here, we showed that probiotic supplements significantly improved fasting blood glucose in a gestational diabetes mellitus rat model. " 12/01/2014 - "The Coaching Program on Comprehensive Lifestyle Modification used in this study was found to be effective in improving self-care behavior and reducing depression, fasting blood sugar and HbA1C, and is recommended for use in clinical practice as an effective nursing intervention for pregnant women with gestational diabetes." 01/01/2019 - "Nutritional nursing intervention based on GL is more effective than traditional nutritional nursing for patients with gestational diabetes, and can effectively control the blood glucose level, reduce the incidence of pregnant complica- tions, and improve the pregnancy outcome. " 09/01/2023 - " The results of the present study showed that mindfulness-based stress reduction counseling is effective in reducing blood sugar levels and reducing perceived stress in women with gestational diabetes treated with diet." 01/01/2021 - "The online-offline integrated medical care management effectively improved the blood glucose level, mental state, self-management behavior, quality of life and pregnancy outcomes of patients with gestational diabetes."
5.	Glyburide (Glibenclamide)FDA LinkGeneric 05/01/2001 - "A recent human study has shown glyburide to minimally cross the placenta, allowing a safe new treatment for gestational diabetes. " 03/01/2008 - "To date, there has been only one randomized controlled trial investigating the use of glyburide which found it to be safe and effective in the management of gestational diabetes mellitus. " 02/01/2008 - "Glyburide is a safe and effective treatment for gestational diabetes." 01/01/2018 - "Randomized trials have not focused on neonatal complications of glyburide for women with gestational diabetes. " 03/30/2015 - "Use of glyburide to treat gestational diabetes is linked to adverse outcomes in babies, study finds."
6.	Inositol (Myoinositol)IBA 01/01/2019 - "Although there are some studies demonstrating that inositol may be effective in prevention and treatment of diabetes/gestational diabetes, conduction of studies with larger sample and longer follow-up duration is required for it to be represented as an effective strategy in management of diabetes." 01/01/2023 - "To assess if antenatal dietary supplementation with myo-inositol is safe and effective, for the mother and fetus, in preventing gestational diabetes. " 09/07/2016 - "To assess if dietary supplementation with myo-inositol during pregnancy is safe and effective, for the mother and fetus, in treating gestational diabetes. " 12/17/2015 - "To assess if antenatal dietary supplementation with myo-inositol is safe and effective, for the mother and fetus, in preventing gestational diabetes. " 12/17/2015 - "Evidence from four trials of antenatal dietary supplementation with myo-inositol during pregnancy shows a potential benefit for reducing the incidence of gestational diabetes. "
7.	Vitamin DFDA LinkGeneric 06/01/2018 - "While the effect of vitamin D supplementation on glycemic indices is still controversial in adults, vitamin D supplementation may be protective against gestational diabetes mellitus in pregnant women. " 09/01/2012 - "This study was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of 300,000 IU vitamin D given intramuscularly on body status in new cases of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). " 01/01/2019 - "Efficacy of vitamin D supplementation in gestational diabetes mellitus: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials." 11/01/2023 - "The aim of this study was to analyze the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of genes known to be involved in vitamin D metabolism in the placenta using the placental tissue of mothers diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) to determine whether the SNPs and occurrence of GDM are related. " 11/01/2023 - "Analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with the vitamin D pathway in the placentas of women with gestational diabetes mellitus: a laboratory study."
8.	Biomarkers (Surrogate Marker)IBA 01/01/2020 - "Reliable biomarkers for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) would be beneficial in the early prevention of adverse metabolic outcomes during pregnancy and beyond. " 12/01/2014 - "Because of the importance of early risk stratification in preventing these complications, improved first-trimester biomarker determination for diagnosing gestational diabetes would enhance our ability to optimise both maternal and fetal health. " 07/06/2023 - "In this study, we explored the epigenetic profile in maternal peripheral blood samples through pregnancy to find potential epigenetic biomarkers for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), as well as candidate genes involved in GDM development. " 07/01/2023 - "Mass spectrometry-based "omics" technologies for the study of gestational diabetes and the discovery of new biomarkers." 08/01/2022 - "Nevertheless, in order to confirm these findings, further studies, with bigger sample size are required to further ascertain the prospects of NRG4 as a potential biomarker for gestational diabetes."
9.	Glycated Hemoglobin (Glycosylated Hemoglobin)IBA 01/01/2020 - "To assess the efficacy of first trimester glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c-FT) in diagnosing or predicting gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in Asian Indian women. " 10/01/2023 - "The present study aimed to evaluate the association between early pregnancy values of glycosylated hemoglobin and the development of gestational diabetes mellitus among pregnant women in a tertiary care hospital in eastern India. " 01/01/2023 - "This study aimed to investigate the extent to which gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) can be predicted in the first trimester by combining a marker of growing interest, glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and maternal characteristics. " 04/01/2022 - "Association of glycated hemoglobin at an early stage of pregnancy with the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus among non-diabetic women in Japan: The Japan Environment and Children's Study." 05/09/2021 - "Only patients with a singleton pregnancy, pre-gestational diabetes, and known level of Hb A1c throughout pregnancy were included in the study. "
10.	LipidsIBA 01/01/2023 - "Epidemiological and mechanistic studies have reported relationships between blood lipids, mostly measured by traditional method in clinical settings, and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). " 10/01/2022 - "The study aimed to identify BMI-related lipids and to explore the role of lipids linking BMI and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). " 01/01/2022 - "While several studies have indicated that maternal serum lipid profiles are associated with the development of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), the results have been inconsistent. " 10/08/2021 - "Intensive lactation among women with recent gestational diabetes significantly alters the early postpartum circulating lipid profile: the SWIFT study." 04/01/2021 - "Association of maternal lipid profile and gestational diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 292 studies and 97,880 women."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Glycemic Control 01/01/2019 - ":This study will be helpful in informing an anxiety intervention program, blood glucose control, and healthy self-care behaviors in women with gestational diabetes mellitus." 11/09/1995 - "We compared the efficacy of postprandial and preprandial monitoring in achieving glycemic control in women with gestational diabetes. " 09/01/1989 - "This information is helpful in targeting the level of glycemic control while optimizing pregnancy outcome in gestational diabetes comparable to the general population." 12/01/2023 - "This study aimed to investigate the association of maternal glycemic control with the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus-related complications and small for gestational age in twin pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes mellitus. " 11/11/2023 - "The effect of oral probiotics on glycemic control of women with gestational diabetes mellitus - multicenter, randomized, double blind, placebo controlled trial."
2.	Therapeutics 01/01/2022 - "This study highlights the importance of monitoring patients with gestational diabetes to assess and increase adherence to therapy properly." 01/01/2018 - "Therapies for gestational diabetes and their implications for maternal and offspring health: Evidence from human and animal studies." 01/01/2017 - "Over the study period, the proportion of women with gestational diabetes who were treated with glycaemic control therapies increased from 25.0% to 31.4% (P<0.0001). " 11/01/2012 - "This study identified the impact of intensive therapy on neonatal outcomes in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and determined the effects on the postpartum metabolic status of the mothers. " 10/01/2010 - "To study the relationship of bodyweight gain and the occurrence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) during pregnancy, and analyze the effect of the nutritional therapy on the outcome of GDM. "
3.	Mediterranean Diet 12/01/2021 - "Background: The Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) is a dietary pattern effective in terms of prevention of many diseases such as gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). " 12/01/2022 - "This meta-analysis aims to study the efficacy of Mediterranean diet for gestational diabetes mellitus. " 12/01/2022 - "We have systematically searched PubMed, EMbase, Web of science, EBSCO and Cochrane library databases, and included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that reported the effect of Mediterranean diet on gestational diabetes. " 12/01/2022 - "Mediterranean diet for the prevention of gestational diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials." 12/01/2022 - "Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the effect of Mediterranean diet on gestational diabetes mellitus were included. "
4.	Bariatric Surgery 08/01/2010 - "Reduced incidence of gestational diabetes with bariatric surgery." 02/01/2006 - "The objective of the study was to investigate pregnancy outcome of patients with gestational diabetes mellitus following bariatric surgery. " 10/11/2018 - "Screening and Management of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus after Bariatric Surgery." 08/01/2017 - "Generally, pregnancies in severely obese women who have undergone bariatric surgery are safe, and the women are at significantly lower risk for gestational diabetes, hypertensive disorders and large-for-gestational-age neonates, but the surgery confers a higher risk for small-for-gestational-age infants and prematurity. " 02/03/2017 - "Pregnancy after bariatric surgery: screening for gestational diabetes."
5.	Cesarean Section (Caesarean Section) 09/01/2022 - "Background In this study, we explored the interaction between women's race/ethnicity and insurance type and determined how these interactions affect the incidences of cesarean section (CS) among women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). " 01/01/2021 - "Pregnancy outcomes included gestational diabetes (National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence or International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups criteria), diabetes in pregnancy (WHO criteria), Caesarean section, large-for-gestational age infant, neonatal hypoglycaemia and neonatal intensive care unit admission. " 01/01/2020 - "This study analyses the association between GWG in Brazilian women, according to different body mass index (BMI) categories, and different outcomes, including hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP), gestational diabetes (GD) and caesarean section. " 06/01/2012 - "The aims of this study were to analyze the trend of cesarean section (CS), determining possible risk factors and also comparing the rate of CS in mothers with gestational diabetes (GDM) and normal pregnant population. " 12/01/2023 - "Propensity score matching was conducted according to maternal age during pregnancy, previous cesarean section (CS), maternal smoking status, maternal body mass index, and maternal gestational diabetes. "