Crack Cocaine

The purified, alkaloidal, extra-potent form of cocaine. It is smoked (free-based), injected intravenously, and orally ingested. Use of crack results in alterations in function of the cardiovascular system, the autonomic nervous system, the central nervous system, and the gastrointestinal system. The slang term "crack" was derived from the crackling sound made upon igniting of this form of cocaine for smoking.

Also Known As:

Networked: 589 relevant articles (14 outcomes, 74 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Bio-Agent Context: Research Results

Experts

1.	Lejuez, C W: 7 articles (06/2014 - 11/2005)
2.	Ornell, Felipe: 6 articles (06/2022 - 09/2016)
3.	Crane, Heidi M: 6 articles (01/2022 - 01/2017)
4.	Laranjeira, Ronaldo: 6 articles (01/2022 - 09/2006)
5.	Tull, Matthew T: 6 articles (06/2012 - 07/2008)
6.	Ross, Michael W: 6 articles (01/2012 - 11/2002)
7.	von Diemen, Lisia: 5 articles (06/2022 - 09/2016)
8.	Napravnik, Sonia: 5 articles (12/2021 - 01/2017)
9.	Ribeiro, Daniel Araki: 5 articles (09/2021 - 04/2014)
10.	Fischer, Benedikt: 5 articles (01/2021 - 10/2009)

Related Diseases

1.	Substance-Related Disorders (Drug Abuse) 01/01/2014 - "There is a strong association between crack/cocaine use and increased sexual risk behavior, but little research on the efficacy of HIV education for decreasing such behavior in crack/cocaine-addicted individuals in substance abuse treatment. " 01/01/2016 - "The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of incorporating contingency management into standard outpatient treatment for crack cocaine dependence, as well as the impact that doing so has on treatment attendance, retention in treatment, maintenance of abstinence, and the frequency of substance use. " 07/01/1999 - "There is an urgent need for additional research on the relationship between drug injection and crack smoking as well as improved HIV risk-reduction interventions that include drug abuse treatment components focusing on issues surrounding crack-cocaine addiction." 01/01/2019 - "The study found that parent-child relationships were associated with a lack of change in the adolescent regarding substance use behavior, particularly the consumption of alcohol and cocaine/crack." 01/01/2005 - "This study presents the results of eleven focus groups with eighty-nine African American women in which respondents document the HIV risk behaviors of crack cocaine users, present their experiences in accessing substance abuse and HIV services, and documents their perceptions of barriers and services needs. "
2.	Mental Disorders (Mental Disorder) 01/01/1997 - "We evaluated the efficacy of an outpatient intensive treatment program for crack cocaine; and the impact of psychiatric diagnosis on outcome variables. " 11/03/2016 - "This study included treatment seeking crack cocaine dependents women (n=127) and elderly women without a psychiatric diagnosis (ELD, n=49). " 10/01/2016 - "Data from this study showed strong associations between crack-cocaine uses and development of mental disorders, particularly when abuse of multiple substances occurs. " 07/01/2004 - "The prevalence of psychiatric disorder among a community sample of crack cocaine users: an exploratory study with practical implications." 01/01/2022 - "Cocaine/crack use affects immune system molecules and development of mental disorders has been identified. "
3.	Marijuana Use 02/01/1995 - "This study examined predictors of marijuana use and intentions to use marijuana, cocaine/crack, and other drugs for African-American and Hispanic seventh graders (N = 757). " 01/01/2019 - "In subjects reporting alcohol use, 25% reported concomitant crack/cocaine use and 16% reported marijuana use. " 01/01/2013 - "Adjusting for age and gender, lifetime medical users of PO were more likely to use marijuana only (OR = 1.8, 95% CI: 1.1, 2.8), while nonmedical users were at higher odds of using marijuana, ecstasy, cocaine/crack, and alcohol problematically. " 04/01/2010 - "However, among baseline drug users crack, cocaine, and marijuana use decreased by 28-50% over the follow-up period. " 03/01/1998 - "Findings chronicled the beginning and rise in crack cocaine use, especially after 1986, confirmed an increase in marijuana use by adolescents since 1992, and suggest that the risk for use of hard drugs increases with age, predominantly in the childbearing years. "
4.	Cocaine-Related Disorders (Cocaine Addiction) 12/01/2017 - "Although contingency management (CM) is effective in promoting abstinence and treatment retention among crack cocaine users who meet the criteria for cocaine dependence, less is known about its off-target effects. " 03/01/1999 - "In the current study, 35 adult males with DSM-III-R cocaine dependence, were evaluated while residents of a drug-free residential therapeutic community, 5-15 days after last use of crack cocaine. " 01/01/1996 - "These studies have demonstrated that subjects with DSM-III-R cocaine dependence (without dependence on any other substance) evaluated in the withdrawal state, have replicable abnormalities in brain function when evaluated at baseline (approximately 5 to 10 days after last crack cocaine use), which are still seen at one and six month follow-up evaluations. " 12/01/2017 - "Sixty-five crack cocaine users who met the criteria for cocaine dependence were randomly assigned to receive 12 weeks of standard treatment alone (STA; n = 32) or 12 weeks of standard treatment plus CM (STCM; n = 33). " 10/01/2017 - "Thirty-five males with crack-cocaine dependence, aged 18 to 50years, who met DSM-IV criteria for cocaine dependence and a control group of 33 healthy men were enrolled. "
5.	Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder) 06/01/2012 - "To expand upon this literature, the current study examined the associations between AS and EA and PTSD symptom severity in a sample of traumatic event-exposed crack/cocaine dependent patients in residential SUD treatment (n = 62), as well as the extent to which EA mediated the relation between AS and PTSD symptom severity. " 01/01/2023 - "Crack cocaine users with childhood abuse and PTSD in adulthood showed more sexual risk behaviors, including outcomes such as HIV (PR = 3.6 p < 0.001 for childhood abuse and PR = 3.7 p < 0.001 for PTSD). " 01/01/2023 - "In crack cocaine users with childhood sexual abuse, traumatic experiences seem to remain fixed through the development of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in adulthood. " 06/01/2012 - "Anxiety Sensitivity, Emotional Avoidance, and PTSD Symptom Severity Among Crack/Cocaine Dependent Patients in Residential Treatment." 06/01/2009 - "Results provide support for the central role of difficulties in emotion regulation relative to AS dimensions in the prediction of PTSD within a crack/cocaine dependent population."

Related Drugs and Biologics

1.	Powders
2.	Cocaine (Cocaine HCl)
3.	Opioid Analgesics (Opioids)
4.	N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDMA)
5.	Pentetic Acid (DTPA)
6.	Cannabidiol
7.	diethylenetriamine
8.	Heroin (Diamorphine)
9.	Smoke
10.	Methamphetamine (Desoxyn)

Related Therapies and Procedures

1.	Condoms (Condom)
2.	Self Medication
3.	Therapeutics
4.	Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART)
5.	Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation