Osteochondroma (Osteocartilaginous Exostosis)

A cartilage-capped benign tumor that often appears as a stalk on the surface of bone. It is probably a developmental malformation rather than a true neoplasm and is usually found in the metaphysis of the distal femur, proximal tibia, or proximal humerus. Osteochondroma is the most common of benign bone tumors.

Also Known As:

Networked: 292 relevant articles (5 outcomes, 23 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Chondrosarcoma
2.	Congenital Abnormalities (Deformity)
3.	Rheumatoid Arthritis
4.	Chondroma (Enchondroma)
5.	Hyperplasia

Experts

1.	Pacifici, Maurizio: 6 articles (10/2022 - 03/2013)
2.	Luo, En: 6 articles (07/2022 - 03/2009)
3.	Enomoto-Iwamoto, Motomi: 5 articles (12/2021 - 03/2013)
4.	Hu, Jing: 5 articles (02/2016 - 03/2009)
5.	Hogendoorn, Pancras C W: 5 articles (01/2012 - 04/2005)
6.	Iwamoto, Masahiro: 4 articles (12/2021 - 03/2013)
7.	Yang, Chi: 4 articles (08/2020 - 09/2014)
8.	Wang, Xudong: 4 articles (07/2020 - 11/2013)
9.	Zhu, Songsong: 4 articles (02/2016 - 03/2009)
10.	Mundy, Christina: 3 articles (10/2022 - 01/2017)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Osteochondroma:

1.	SolutionsIBA 10/01/2005 - "Resection of the osteochondroma seems to be the only reliable solution for definitive relief from the clinical complaints. "
2.	Methotrexate (Mexate)FDA LinkGeneric 02/01/2021 - "The patient's rheumatoid arthritis went and remained in remission on maintenance therapy with rituximab (every 6-8 months) and low-dose methotrexate with no relapse of malignant intracranial chondrosarcoma/osteochondroma. "
3.	Rituximab (Mabthera)FDA Link 02/01/2021 - "Rituximab as a treatment option in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis and a history of malignancy-intracranial chondrosarcoma/osteochondroma-case based review." 02/01/2021 - "The patient's rheumatoid arthritis went and remained in remission on maintenance therapy with rituximab (every 6-8 months) and low-dose methotrexate with no relapse of malignant intracranial chondrosarcoma/osteochondroma. "
4.	Proteins (Proteins, Gene)FDA Link 01/01/2020 - "The over-expression of ErbB2 protein was not found to be associated with the above stated clinical pathological parameters of osteochondroma. " 01/01/2020 - "ErbB2 protein was found to be over-expressed in 4 of 30 (13.3%) osteochondromas and 1 of 20 (5%) non-neoplastic bone samples, which were not statistically significant (p=0.336). " 01/01/2020 - "The association of ErbB2 gene and protein expression with clinicopathological parameters of osteochondroma was analyzed by using the χ2 test and Fishers exact test. " 01/01/2020 - "Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) were used to investigate the expression status of ErbB2 protein and gene in 30 osteochondroma tissues and 20 non-neoplastic bone tissues. " 01/01/2020 - "Clinicopathological value of ErbB2 gene and protein expression in osteochondroma."
5.	CateninsIBA 01/01/2018 - "Both, activation and reduction of Wnt/β-catenin signaling decrease osteochondroma size and frequency by interfering with the chondrogenic fate of the mutant cells. " 03/01/2015 - "Our previous work has pointed to an imbalance of β-catenin signaling being involved in the pathogenesis of osteochondroma formation. " 01/01/2013 - "The expression rates of CD44V6, CDH11, and β-catenin were 25.0% (5/20), 70.0% (14/20), and 20.0% (4/20) in osteochondroma specimens, respectively. " 03/01/2013 - "The findings in our study indicate that loss of β-catenin expression in chondrocytes induces periosteal chondroma-like masses and may be linked to, and cause, the persistence of cartilage caps in osteochondromas." 10/01/2015 - "Furthermore, β-catenin protein expression was detected in 61.46% of osteosarcoma cases and 25.00% of osteochondroma cases. "
6.	Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (Bone Morphogenetic Protein)IBA 01/01/2018 - "Previously, we found that osteochondroma formation in mouse models is preceded by ectopic bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling in the perichondrium, but the mechanistic relationships between BMP signaling and HS deficiency remain unclear. " 01/01/2018 - "Increasing evidence suggests that enhanced bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling resulting from loss of HS expression plays a role in osteochondroma formation in MHE. " 01/01/2017 - "Because chondrogenesis requires bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling, we asked whether osteochondroma formation could be blocked by a BMP signaling antagonist. " 07/01/2014 - "The expression of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and their cognate receptors (BMPRs) in osteochondromas has not been investigated. " 07/01/2014 - "Immunohistochemical Localization of Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) and their Receptors in Solitary and Multiple Human Osteochondromas."
7.	Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA)IBA 12/16/2019 - "The thicker cartilage cap, higher bone formation rate and higher PCNA positive rate indicated a higher rate of proliferative activity in condylar osteochondroma. " 12/16/2019 - "Immunohistochemical staining showed that PCNA was mainly located in the undifferentiated mesenchymal layer and the hypertrophic cartilage layer, and there were more PCNA positive cells in the condylar osteochondroma (P = 0.007). " 07/01/2006 - "Numerous cells forming osteochondromas although resembling prehypertrophic chondrocytes, stained positively with an anti-proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) antibody. " 12/01/2015 - "Pathological diagnosis was osteochondroma; immunohistochemistry showed that the tumor exhibited a conspicuous expression of BMP-4 and BMP-2 but rarely expression of PCNA. " 01/01/2019 - "Methods: The levels of HDAC4 and PCNA mRNA and protein were tested in human OS and osteochondroma (OC) tissues. "
8.	Proteoglycans (Proteoglycan)IBA 06/01/2011 - "Growth plate regulation and osteochondroma formation: insights from tracing proteoglycans in zebrafish models and human cartilage." 03/01/2011 - "Cartilage is particularly rich in proteoglycans, and changes in the structure and composition of GAGs have been found in osteochondromas and osteoarthritis. " 03/01/2007 - "Decreased EXT expression and intracellular accumulation of heparan sulphate proteoglycan in osteochondromas and peripheral chondrosarcomas." 06/01/1985 - "In order to study human articular cartilage proteoglycans (PG) in aging and pathological states, PG extracts of normal cartilage, osteoarthritic cartilage, chondrosarcoma and osteochondroma were subjected to the density gradient ultracentrifugation in 23% metrizamide-6M urea system. " 06/01/2011 - "PEI staining was studied by electron and reflection contrast microscopy in human growth plates, osteochondromas and five different proteoglycan-deficient zebrafish mutants displaying one of the following skeletal phenotypes: dackel (dak/ext2), lacking heparan sulphate and identified as a model for human multiple osteochondromas; hi307 (β3gat3), deficient for most glycosaminoglycans; pinscher (pic/slc35b2), presenting with defective sulphation of glycosaminoglycans; hi954 (uxs1), lacking most glycosaminoglycans; and knypek (kny/gpc4), missing the protein core of the glypican-4 proteoglycan. "
9.	Collagen Type I (Type I Collagen)IBA 01/01/2002 - "In order to characterize the consequences for the process of endochondral ossification we performed an immunohistochemical study and compared the expression of collagen type I, II and X as markers of cartilage differentiation and Ki-67 as a marker of cell proliferation in solitary (7-26 years, n=9) and multiple (11-42 years, n=6) osteochondromas with their expression in human fetal and postnatal growth plates. " 01/01/2002 - "Expression of collagen type I, II, X and Ki-67 in osteochondroma compared to human growth plate cartilage." 01/01/2002 - "Osteochondromas from children showed lobular collagen type II-positive areas surrounded by collagen type I. In adults, the separation of collagen type I- and type II-positive areas was more blurred, or the cartilaginous cap was missing. " 04/30/2003 - "In the present examination, we detected type I collagen mRNA in neoplastic chondrocytes in osteochondromas, typical benign bone neoplasms. " 07/01/2006 - "In addition, ectopic expression of collagen type I and abnormal presence of osteocalcin (OC), osteopontin (OP), and bone sialoprotein (BSP) were observed in the cartilaginous osteochondromas. "
10.	MicroRNAs (MicroRNA)IBA 10/01/2019 - "Studies have also found that a large number of microRNAs (miRNAs) are abnormally expressed in osteochondroma tissues, and some of them also participate in several major signaling pathways. " 10/01/2019 - "The regulation of miRNA expression could be another breakthrough in the treatment of osteochondroma. " 12/01/2010 - "We therefore hypothesized a role for microRNAs in cartilaginous tumors and investigated microRNA expression in osteochondroma and normal cartilage tissues to evaluate whether they could affect osteochondromas onset and/or clinical manifestations. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Osteotomy 01/01/2018 - "We have introduced an effective treatment for mandibular condylar osteochondroma with a digital cutting guide and endoscopically-assisted vertical ramus osteotomy (VRO). " 03/01/2020 - "The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of osteochondroma excision and distal ulnar tether release on clinical function, radiographic anatomic forearm alignment, and need for future corrective osteotomies. " 01/01/2018 - "Digital cutting guide and endoscopically-assisted vertical ramus osteotomy to treat condylar osteochondroma: a long-term study." 02/01/2016 - "This study confirms the Ganz trochanteric flip osteotomy provided a reliable approach to osteochondromas of the femoral neck that are otherwise difficult to access for surgical resection. " 10/01/2022 - "Six patients with condylar osteochondroma were treated with intraoral vertical ramus osteotomies and condylar resection. "
2.	Therapeutics 08/04/2015 - "It is necessary to investigate GH secretion in patients with osteochondroma or HME and short stature because they could benefit from GH replacement therapy. " 08/04/2015 - "In the first patient, the single osteochondroma was noticed after the start of treatment; the other patient showed no evidence of significant increase in size or number of lesions related to GH therapy. " 08/04/2015 - "We describe the clinical features of 2 patients (one with osteochondroma and one with HME) evaluated before and after GH therapy. " 09/01/2000 - "Recognition of the radiologic spectrum of appearances of osteochondroma and its variants usually allows prospective diagnosis and differentiation of the numerous potential complications, thus helping guide therapy and improving patient management." 03/01/1986 - "[A case of osteochondroma of the mandibular coronoid process: the valuable role of CT in the diagnosis and operative therapy]."
3.	Curettage 01/01/2009 - "The best choice of treatment for spinal osteochondromas is surgical excision or curettage and spinal stabilization, if necessary. " 12/01/2002 - "Marginal resection was performed in cases of osteochondroma and curettage in cases of other benign bone tumour. " 01/01/1990 - "Unlike osteochondroma, which may be treated surgically by removing the cartilage cap and, in some cases, the stalk, enchondroma protuberans requires intralesional curettage. "
4.	Computer-Assisted Surgery (Image Guided Surgery) 02/18/2019 - "In the study, 23 cases with condylar hypertrophy (11 with condylar osteochondroma and 12 with condylar benign hypertrophy) in Department of Oral and Maxilloficial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Atomatology from December 2012 to December 2016 were treated by condylectomy via intraoral approach under computer assisted surgical navigation. " 06/02/2023 - "This study compares the accuracy and effectiveness of our novel 3D-printed titanium cutting guides with intraoperative surgical navigation for performing intraoral condylectomy in patients with mandibular condylar osteochondroma (OC). "
5.	Orthognathic Surgery 08/01/2020 - "The results of single-stage surgery combined with orthognathic surgery and condylar osteochondroma resection were stable, and the affected condyle stump had adaptively reconstructed." 07/01/2020 - "Evaluation of Mandibular Symmetry in Patients With Condylar Osteochondroma Who Underwent Intro-Oral Condylar Resection and Simultaneous Bimaxillary Orthognathic Surgery." 01/01/2018 - "Eleven patients with unilateral condylar osteochondroma, who did not require orthognathic surgery or had less than 3mm deviation of the chin and a stable occlusion, were treated during the period April 2013-January 2017 with a digital cutting guide and endoscopically-assisted VRO. " 12/01/2015 - "Bimaxillary orthognathic surgery and condylectomy for mandibular condyle osteochondroma: a case report." 10/01/2015 - "In conclusion, conservative condylectomy alone, without subsequent orthognathic surgery, is adequate for the restoration of facial symmetry and the preservation of vertical condylar height in select patients with condylar osteochondroma. "