2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate (2 Amino 5 phosphonovalerate)

The D-enantiomer is a potent and specific antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). The L form is inactive at NMDA receptors but may affect the AP4 (2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate; APB) excitatory amino acid receptors.

Also Known As:

2 Amino 5 phosphonovalerate; 2 Amino 5 phosphonopentanoate; 2-APV; 2-Amino-5-phosphonopentanoate; 5-Phosphononorvaline; d-APV; dl-APV; 2 Amino 5 phosphonopentanoic Acid; 2 Amino 5 phosphonovaleric Acid; 5 Phosphononorvaline; 2-Amino-5-phosphonopentanoic Acid; 2-Amino-5-phosphonovaleric Acid; Norvaline, 5-phosphono-

Networked: 94 relevant articles (5 outcomes, 5 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Bio-Agent Context: Research Results

Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins: 1
- Amino Acids: 30675
  - Branched-Chain Amino Acids: 2289
    - Valine: 1999
      - 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate: 94
        2-amino-4-methyl-5-phosphono-3-pentenoic acid: 49
        2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid: 42
        CGP 39551: 20
        CGP 39653: 4
        CGP 43487: 1
        2-amino-5-phosphono-3-pentenoic acid
  - Phosphoamino Acids: 1
    - 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate: 94

Experts

1.	Hu, Xiao-Dong: 3 articles (11/2013 - 07/2009)
2.	Yang, Xian: 3 articles (11/2013 - 07/2009)
3.	Suzuki, Miki: 3 articles (06/2013 - 04/2010)
4.	Takeda, Atsushi: 3 articles (06/2013 - 04/2010)
5.	Bausch, Suzanne B: 3 articles (07/2010 - 12/2004)
6.	Suo, Zhan-Wei: 2 articles (11/2013 - 05/2011)
7.	Sakamoto, Kazuhiro: 2 articles (06/2013 - 01/2012)
8.	Tamano, Haruna: 2 articles (06/2013 - 01/2012)
9.	Yokogoshi, Hidehiko: 2 articles (06/2013 - 01/2012)
10.	Oku, Naoto: 2 articles (01/2012 - 04/2010)

Related Diseases

1.	Pain (Aches) 07/01/2009 - "Inhibition of spinal NMDARs with D-APV completely eliminated the CFA-induced increase in NR1 immunoreactive density at synapses, and direct application of NMDA onto the spinal cord of naïve mice mimicked the effects of CFA, suggesting the importance of NMDARs activity in regulating the synaptic content of NR1 during inflammatory pain. " 01/01/2018 - "CIA mice developed significant mechanical hypersensitivity, and spinal administration of the NMDAR antagonist D-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (D-APV) effectively attenuated peripheral pain hypersensitivity. " 07/01/2001 - "The carrageenan model of inflammatory pain has been and still is widely used as is the NMDA receptor antagonist 2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (AP5) to investigate NMDA receptor function. " 01/01/1998 - "The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of intrathecal (+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo(a,d)cyclohepten-5,10-imine (MK-801), a noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist, 2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (AP5), a competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, and N-G-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, on pain behaviors in a rat model of postoperative pain. "
2.	Pancreatitis 03/01/2003 - "Intrathecal coadministration of D-APV and morphine is maximally effective in a rat experimental pancreatitis model." 03/01/2003 - "Spinal administration of combined doses of NMDA receptor antagonist, D-APV, and MS reversed three behavioral responses to induction of an acute pancreatitis model. " 03/01/2003 - "The current study examined spinal coadministration of low doses of NMDA receptor antagonist, D-(-)-2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate (D-APV), and mu-opioid receptor agonist, morphine sulfate (MS), in reducing visceral nociception using an acute bradykinin induced pancreatitis model in rats. "
3.	Seizures (Absence Seizure) 04/22/1988 - "In contrast, D(-)APV had no effect on KA-induced wet dog shakes or on behavioral seizures. " 07/01/2010 - "Initial experiments revealed a lack of an association between miniature excitatory postsynaptic current (mEPSC) measures and seizures suggesting that shifts in mEPSC were unlikely to account for the differential effects of D-APV and Ro25,6981 on seizures. " 10/01/2006 - "Granule cell field potential recordings in physiological buffer revealed spontaneous electrographic seizures in 83% of TTX-, 9% of D-APV-, but 0% of vehicle-treated cultures. " 08/28/1992 - "D-APV, an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist, stereoselectively blocked the development of seizures. " 01/01/1990 - "Kynurenate and 2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate alter the spinal seizures evoked by sudden cooling of toad isolated cords."
4.	Hypoxia (Hypoxemia) 05/28/1993 - "Bath application of D-APV (30 microM) prevented the significant reduction in the AD onset latency to the second hypoxia, but had no significant effect on the AD amplitude and duration. " 05/28/1993 - "The hypoxia-induced decrease in [Ca2+]o was not altered after addition of D-APV to the bathing medium. " 11/01/1991 - "2-APV and DGAMS are superior to MK-801 in preventing hypoxia-induced injury to developing neurons in vitro." 09/01/2008 - "Either (+/-)-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (APV; NMDA antagonist, 1.5 mg/kg) or 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX; non-NMDA antagonist, 10 mg/kg) was systemically (ip) injected approximately 30 min before hypoxia. " 01/01/2003 - "The selected NMDA receptor antagonists 2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoate (AP5) added in the perfusion medium after the anoxia, did not eliminate the neuroprotective effect of CRF."
5.	Ischemia 09/19/1994 - "The PIP was not affected by 2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (APV) administered via microdialysis at 7 h post-ischemia. " 08/04/1986 - "D-APV reduced the extracellular accumulation of all measured purine catabolites during ischemia/reflow and improved to some extent the recovery of the striatal electroencephalographic activity in the majority of the animals. " 07/01/2010 - "The [Ca(2+)]i overload produced by acidosis and ischemia was not blocked by tetrodotoxin, 2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid or nifedipine. " 04/01/1991 - "Blockade of N-methyl-D-aspartate-sensitive excitatory amino acid receptors with 2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate reduces ischemia-evoked calcium redistribution in rabbit hippocampus." 04/01/1991 - "To evaluate the participation of excitatory amino acid receptors sensitive to N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) in ischemia-evoked redistribution of Ca2+ ions from the extra- to the intracellular compartment of the hippocampus, 2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (APV), a specific antagonist of NMDA receptors, was administered to the rabbit hippocampus through a dialysis probe before, during, and after complete reversible 15-min cerebral ischemia. "

Related Drugs and Biologics

1.	N-Methylaspartate (NMDA)
2.	Morphine (MS Contin)
3.	Acids
4.	Ro 25-6981
5.	purine
6.	N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors (NMDA Receptors)
7.	Dizocilpine Maleate (Dizocilpine)
8.	NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester (L-NAME)
9.	Nitric Oxide Synthase (NO Synthase)
10.	Imines

Related Therapies and Procedures

1.	Spinal Injections
2.	Intravenous Administration
3.	Electroacupuncture
4.	Controlled Hypotension