1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (1 Methyl 4 phenylpyridinium)

An active neurotoxic metabolite of 1-METHYL-4-PHENYL-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE. The compound reduces dopamine levels, inhibits the biosynthesis of catecholamines, depletes cardiac norepinephrine and inactivates tyrosine hydroxylase. These and other toxic effects lead to cessation of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP depletion, and cell death. The compound, which is related to PARAQUAT, has also been used as an herbicide.

Also Known As:

1 Methyl 4 phenylpyridinium; 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridine; 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium Chloride; 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium Ion; N-Methyl-4-phenylpyridine; N-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; 1 Methyl 4 phenylpyridine; 1 Methyl 4 phenylpyridinium Chloride; 1 Methyl 4 phenylpyridinium Ion; N Methyl 4 phenylpyridine; Cyperquat; Pyridinium, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-

Networked: 374 relevant articles (20 outcomes, 85 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Bio-Agent Context: Research Results

Heterocyclic Compounds: 198
- 1-Ring Heterocyclic Compounds
  - Pyridines: 88
    - Pyridinium Compounds: 5
      - 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium: 374
        1-methyl-4-(2-methylphenyl)pyridinium
        1-methyl-4-(4'-acetamidophenyl)pyridinium
        1-methyl-4-cyclohexylpyridinium

Experts

1.	Soliman, Karam F A: 9 articles (05/2021 - 01/2003)
2.	Choi, Dong-Kug: 6 articles (04/2022 - 01/2011)
3.	Kim, In-Su: 4 articles (04/2022 - 01/2013)
4.	Aguilera, José: 4 articles (01/2022 - 07/2009)
5.	Montes, Sergio: 4 articles (01/2022 - 04/2009)
6.	Bähr, Mathias: 4 articles (11/2012 - 07/2004)
7.	Lingor, Paul: 4 articles (11/2012 - 07/2004)
8.	Mendieta, Liliana: 3 articles (01/2022 - 01/2016)
9.	Mazzio, Elizabeth: 3 articles (05/2021 - 01/2003)
10.	Hattori, Nobutaka: 3 articles (02/2021 - 11/2019)

Related Diseases

1.	Parkinson Disease (Parkinson's Disease) 01/01/2019 - "The aim of this study was to investigate the role of RTN1-C in an in vitro model of Parkinson's disease (PD) mimicked by 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) treatment in SN4741 cells. " 01/01/2019 - "A recent study shows that, 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridine ion (MPP), which selectively causes dopaminergic neuronal death leading to Parkinson's disease-like symptoms, can reduce SH-SY5Y cell viability by inducing H₂O₂ generation and subsequent TRPM2 channel activation. " 06/24/2011 - "In this study, we have investigated the effects of GE extracts and its major bioactive components on 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+)-treated MN9D dopaminergic cells, a classic in vitro model for Parkinson's disease (PD). " 05/01/2010 - "The toxicity caused by cell exposure to 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP(+)) is a useful model in the study of Parkinson's disease (PD). " 06/01/1995 - "The possibility of functional difference of these cells in Parkinson's disease led us study the effect of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) on them. "
2.	Neuroblastoma 04/29/2022 - "In this study, the 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+) was used to induce neurotoxicity and impair autophagic flux in a human neuroblastoma cell line (SH-SY5Y). " 11/28/2020 - "In this study, the neuroprotective potential of teaghrelin against PD was explored in a cell model in which human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells were treated with the mitochondrial toxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+). " 01/01/2019 - "In this study, human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells were exposed to neurotoxicant 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) for inducing a range of response characteristics of PD. " 01/01/2018 - "In this study, human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells subjected to insult by 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) served as an in-vitro model of PD. " 09/01/2010 - "In this study, the involvement of autophagy in the protection provided by hypoxic preconditioning against 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+))-induced neurotoxicity was studied in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. "
3.	Pheochromocytoma 08/01/2012 - "In this study, we investigated the protective effects, and the possible mechanism of action, of SAL against 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+))-induced cell damage in rat adrenal pheochromocytoma PC12 cells. " 01/01/2011 - "To study the toxicity and its mechanisms of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+) on pheochromocytoma PC12 cells. " 08/12/2009 - "The aim of the present study is to explore the cytoprotection of H2S against 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP(+))-induced apoptosis and the molecular mechanisms underlying in PC12 cells, a rat cell line derived from pheochromocytoma cells. " 01/01/1997 - "Changes of energy metabolism induced by 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+)-related compounds in rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells." 01/01/1987 - "Uptake of N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP(+)) into PC12h pheochromocytoma cells."
4.	Parkinsonian Disorders (Parkinsonism) 05/01/2013 - "1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+) ), a potent parkinsonizing agent in primates and rodents, is a blocker of mitochondrial complex I, therefore MPP(+) -induced parkinsonism is believed to depend largely on mitochondrial impairment. " 01/09/2009 - "1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP(+)) has been shown to selectively inhibit mitochondrial function and induce a parkinsonism-like syndrome. " 01/01/2005 - "Moreover, 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+), a Parkinsonism-inducing agent, increased lyso-PTC formation via the stimulation of PTE methylation pathway. " 11/07/2003 - "The mechanisms whereby 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+)) mediates cell death and Parkinsonism are still unclear. " 05/01/1992 - "N-Methylated beta-carbolinium compounds (N-Me-BCs), including 2-N-methyl and 2,9-N,N-dimethyl analogs, structural analogs of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+), may be endogenously bioactivated, MPP(+)-like toxins, capable of inducing parkinsonism. "
5.	Mitochondrial Diseases (Mitochondrial Disease) 10/01/2021 - "The present study examined the link between the UPRmt and mitochondrial dysfunction in 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+)-treated SH-SY5Y cells. " 12/01/2021 - "1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+)-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress are reported to participate in the pathological mechanism of PD. " 01/01/2023 - "As mitochondrial dysfunction is one of the common molecular mechanisms leading to neuronal death in many neurodegenerative diseases, here we studied miRs that modulate neuronal death caused by 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+), an inhibitor of complex I in mitochondria. " 01/01/2019 - "SH-SY5Y cells exposed to 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) develop mitochondrial dysfunction and other cellular responses similar to those that occur in the dopaminergic neurons of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). " 08/01/2000 - "1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+)) is selectively toxic to dopaminergic neurons and has been studied extensively as an etiologic model of Parkinson's disease (PD) because mitochondrial dysfunction is implicated in both MPP(+) toxicity and the pathogenesis of PD. "

Related Drugs and Biologics

1.	1- Methyl- 4- phenyl- 1,2,3,6- tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)
2.	Hydrogen Peroxide (Hydroperoxide)
3.	Neurotoxins
4.	Dopamine (Intropin)
5.	Oxidopamine (6 Hydroxydopamine)
6.	Glutamic Acid (Glutamate)
7.	Pyrrolidines
8.	Glucose (Dextrose)
9.	Monoamine Oxidase (MAO)
10.	Oxygen (Dioxygen)

Related Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics
2.	Oral Administration