Cowpox

A mild, eruptive skin disease of milk cows caused by COWPOX VIRUS, with lesions occurring principally on the udder and teats. Human infection may occur while milking an infected animal.

Also Known As:

Networked: 218 relevant articles (7 outcomes, 12 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Infections
2.	Vaccinia
3.	Mpox (monkeypox)
4.	Smallpox (Variola)
5.	Ectromelia (Phocomelia)

Experts

1.	Hostetler, Karl Y: 12 articles (05/2011 - 03/2003)
2.	Beadle, James R: 10 articles (05/2011 - 08/2003)
3.	Smee, Donald F: 6 articles (01/2013 - 05/2002)
4.	Trahan, Julissa: 6 articles (12/2009 - 08/2003)
5.	Aldern, Kathy A: 6 articles (07/2007 - 03/2003)
6.	Andrei, Graciela: 5 articles (01/2013 - 01/2007)
7.	Snoeck, Robert: 5 articles (01/2013 - 01/2007)
8.	Keith, Kathy A: 5 articles (05/2011 - 04/2006)
9.	Kern, Earl R: 5 articles (11/2007 - 02/2004)
10.	De Clercq, Erik: 5 articles (01/2007 - 07/2002)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Cowpox:

1.	VaccinesIBA 06/22/1983 - "Jenner's cowpox vaccine provided a method of control that reduced the severity of the disease during the 19th century but failed to eliminate the disease from many countries before the 1930s. " 04/01/2023 - "In addition, cowpox vaccines were imported directly from foreign countries. " 01/01/2022 - "This article analyzes how he responded to the problems hindering cowpox vaccination, including spurious vaccine, failed vaccination, and low public acceptance of cowpox vaccine. " 01/01/2022 - "As one of the few successful cowpox inoculators at the turn of the nineteenth century, Smith recognized the necessity for a public vaccine institution that could ensure the safe production and continuous preservation and circulation of vaccine matter. " 10/15/2014 - "Although Edward Jenner applied the first vaccines by scratching cow pox material into the skin, the profound immunological properties of the skin have become evident through research and discoveries only in the last 20 years. "
2.	DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)IBA 03/01/2021 - "Diagnosis of cowpox can be confirmed by detection of cowpox virus DNA by polymerase chain reaction. " 04/01/2017 - "The diagnosis of cowpox was made on the basis of PCR involving DNA isolated from a scab covering the skin lesion. " 10/01/1979 - "The deletion represents 11 to 12% of the red cowpox DNA and includes the terminal repetition which therefore is not required for replication. " 10/01/1979 - "The red cowpox genome contains near terminal, repetitive sequences which have some homology with those of vaccinia virus DNA. " 04/01/2006 - "Samples contained 0 to 40,000,000 DNA copies of lyophilized monkeypox, cowpox, and vaccinia virus per ml. Laboratories achieved a >80% detection chance above 56,234 copies per ml. Global sensitivity was not significantly improved over that of the first study. "
3.	Cidofovir (Vistide)FDA Link 03/01/2008 - "A promising therapeutic option is cidofovir, but this virostatic drug is not yet approved for the treatment of cowpox." 01/01/2007 - "Efficacy in vitro was assessed by plaque reduction assays against wild-type and cidofovir-resistant strains of cowpox and vaccinia viruses in nine different cell lines. " 01/16/2023 - "Cowpox is often a self-limiting disease, although cidofovir or anti-vaccinia gammaglobulin can be used in severe and disseminated cases of human cowpox. " 01/01/2005 - "HPMPO-DAPy was found to inhibit different poxviruses (ie., vaccinia, cowpox, and orf) at a similar potency as cidofovir. " 05/01/2002 - "Characterization of wild-type and cidofovir-resistant strains of camelpox, cowpox, monkeypox, and vaccinia viruses."
4.	Interferon-alpha (Interferon Alfa)IBA 01/01/2013 - "An adenovirus 5 vector encoding for mouse interferon alpha, subtype 5 (mDEF201) was evaluated for efficacy against lethal cowpox (Brighton strain) and vaccinia (WR strain) virus respiratory and systemic infections in mice. "
5.	Immunodominant EpitopesIBA 01/03/2005 - "Several determinants are immunogenic in cowpox and ectromelia (mousepox) virus infections, and immunization with the immunodominant determinant provided significant protection against lethal mousepox. "
6.	Ribavirin (Virazole)FDA LinkGeneric 07/01/2000 - "To better understand the potential of ribavirin in the treatment of orthopoxvirus infections (such as those acquired through bioterrorist activities), the efficacy of the drug was studied in a cowpox respiratory infection model in mice under varying disease severity. "
7.	Proteins (Proteins, Gene)FDA Link 01/01/2012 - "These studies clarify mechanistically how CPXV203 coordinates with other cowpox proteins to thwart antigen presentation." 01/01/2017 - "Here, we describe a new method for the construction of rVACVs using the cowpox CP77 protein and unmodified VACV as the starting material. " 01/01/2011 - "Out of 21 identified proteins 16 were found to be cross-reactive between cowpox and vaccinia virus. " 01/01/2011 - "Here, we first identified 21 immunogenic proteins of cowpox and vaccinia virus by serological screenings of genomic Orthopoxvirus expression libraries. " 02/29/2008 - "The mRNAs encoding the vaccinia virus F17 protein and the cowpox A-type inclusion protein are known to possess sequence-homogeneous 3' ends, generated by a post-transcriptional cleavage event. "
8.	Antiviral Agents (Antivirals)IBA 01/01/2013 - "Emergence of cowpox: study of the virulence of clinical strains and evaluation of antivirals." 01/01/2008 - "We also demonstrated the antiviral potency of siD5R-2 against different pathogenic orthopoxviruses, such as cowpox and monkeypox viruses, which were inhibited up to 70% at the lowest concentration (1 nM) tested. " 05/01/2011 - "Antiviral activity was assessed in cells infected with vaccinia, cowpox or ectromelia viruses. " 01/03/2005 - "This permitted an extensive antiviral analysis, which found potent activity toward vaccinia, cowpox, and monkeypox viruses. " 01/01/2019 - "These similarities also serve as the basis for screening for antivirals for dangerous pathogens such as variola and monkeypox virus using generally safer viruses such as cowpox and vaccinia. "
9.	AntibodiesIBA 04/01/2014 - "OPV antibodies (most likely cowpox) were more common but restricted geographically to southeastern Finland. " 11/01/2000 - "Further useful diagnostic tools are the identification of the cowpox/catpox virus by PCR or in cell culture as well as serological tests to detect virus specific antibodies. " 06/01/2000 - "Trapping was carried out at 4-weekly intervals over 3 years and each animal caught was uniquely identified, blood sampled and tested for antibodies to cowpox. " 06/01/1963 - "[POSTVACCINAL ANTIBODIES IN ANTI-COWPOX PROTECTION]." 10/01/2009 - "In addition, one of these antibodies also stained viral factories produced by cowpox and ectromelia, two closely related viruses. "
10.	Smallpox Vaccine (Vaccine, Smallpox)FDA Link 01/01/2018 - "In 1796, Edward Jenner developed the smallpox vaccine consisting of pustular material obtained from lesions on cows affected by so-called cow-pox. " 12/19/2017 - "Equination (inoculation of horsepox): An early alternative to vaccination (inoculation of cowpox) and the potential role of horsepox virus in the origin of the smallpox vaccine." 04/01/2015 - "Public health officials are also concerned about the spread of related zoonotic orthopoxviruses such as monkeypox and cowpox, against which smallpox vaccine provides protection. " 01/01/1997 - "Human cowpox is a rare but relatively severe infection of interest because of its links with Edward Jenner and the introduction of smallpox vaccine and, more recently, because of re-evaluation of the epidemiology of the infection. " 06/01/1994 - "In Baluchistan (Iran), infants were encouraged to play with and touch the teats of cows affected with cowpox, in order to immunise the children against smallpox, and this was centuries before the discovery of smallpox vaccine by Edward Jenner. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Chinese Traditional Medicine (Traditional Chinese Medicine) 04/01/2023 - "Since traditional Chinese medicine already embraced the use of cowpox for protection against smallpox, they advocated using acupuncture instead of western instruments in order to expand the influence of traditional Chinese medicine. "
2.	Therapeutics 11/01/2006 - "Blood transfusions and cowpox vaccinations are part of the history of medicine...but nevertheless are examples of cell- and viral-based therapies. " 01/19/2023 - "The authors believe there is a huge opportunity to create novel, inventive, and patentable BCV-based antiviral therapies (new combinations with existing antivirals) for OPXVs illnesses (MPX, smallpox, cowpox, camelpox, and vaccinia). " 12/01/1961 - "The experimental local therapy of cutaneous metastases of malignant melanoblastomas with cow pox vaccine or colcemid (demecolcine or omaine)."
3.	Blood Transfusion (Blood Transfusions) 11/01/2006 - "Blood transfusions and cowpox vaccinations are part of the history of medicine...but nevertheless are examples of cell- and viral-based therapies. "