Diffuse Esophageal Spasm (Esophageal Spasm)

A hypermotility disorder of the ESOPHAGUS that is characterized by spastic non-peristaltic responses to SWALLOWING; CHEST PAIN; and DYSPHAGIA.

Also Known As:

Esophageal Spasm; Esophageal Spasm, Diffuse; Diffuse Esophageal Spasms; Esophageal Spasms; Esophageal Spasms, Diffuse; Spasm, Diffuse Esophageal; Spasms, Diffuse Esophageal; Spasms, Esophageal; Spasm, Esophageal

Networked: 149 relevant articles (13 outcomes, 15 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Digestive System Diseases: 1042
- Gastrointestinal Diseases: 5874
  - Esophageal Diseases: 379
    - Deglutition Disorders: 9385
      - Esophageal Motility Disorders: 515
        Diffuse Esophageal Spasm: 149

Related Diseases

1.	Esophageal Achalasia (Megaesophagus)
2.	Diffuse Esophageal Spasm (Esophageal Spasm)
3.	Spasm (Spasms)
4.	Deglutition Disorders (Dysphagia)
5.	Pain (Aches)

Experts

1.	Brodsky, Robert A: 4 articles (06/2011 - 01/2006)
2.	Storr, M: 4 articles (09/2010 - 12/2001)
3.	Levine, Marc S: 4 articles (09/2008 - 08/2004)
4.	Louis, Hubert: 3 articles (01/2020 - 12/2012)
5.	Vela, Marcelo F: 3 articles (01/2020 - 08/2008)
6.	Laufer, Igor: 3 articles (01/2008 - 08/2004)
7.	Okada, Hiroyuki: 2 articles (05/2020 - 12/2018)
8.	Sakae, Hiroyuki: 2 articles (05/2020 - 12/2018)
9.	Sugihara, Yuusaku: 2 articles (05/2020 - 12/2018)
10.	Bredenoord, Albert J: 2 articles (01/2020 - 03/2018)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Diffuse Esophageal Spasm:

1.	Nitroglycerin (Dynamite)FDA LinkGeneric 02/01/1981 - "Five of eight patients with diffuse esophageal spasm had relief of symptoms with nitroglycerin. " 07/05/1973 - "Clinical and manometric effects of nitroglycerin in diffuse esophageal spasm." 10/01/1988 - "In the second patient, severe esophageal spasm delayed therapy until IV nitroglycerin relieved the functional obstruction. " 09/01/1990 - "Cervical root compression pain and esophageal spasm are the greatest mimics of angina since they can both be relieved by nitroglycerin but they have several features which help to rule out angina." 04/16/2019 - "Initial blood work revealed a Model of End Organ Liver Disease score of 7. She was treated with sublingual nitroglycerin for esophageal spasm, a known complication after esophageal banding. "
2.	Botulinum Toxins (Botulinum Toxin)IBA 08/01/2012 - "Here, we report a case of diffuse esophageal spasm diagnosed with high-resolution manometry and treated by endoscopic injection of botulinum toxin with good results at the 7-month follow-up." 12/01/2001 - "The aim of this study was to investigate whether botulinum toxin (BTX) injection is an effective short- and long-term treatment for patients with symptoms caused by diffuse esophageal spasm. " 08/01/2012 - "Nevertheless, few reports have described the effects of endoscopic injection of botulinum toxin in patients with symptomatic diffuse esophageal spasm with clear endoscopic and high-resolution manometry images. " 08/01/2012 - "Symptomatic improvement of diffuse esophageal spasm after botulinum toxin injection." 09/01/2010 - "This article summarizes the present knowledge on the treatment of diffuse esophageal spasm with a special emphasis on botulinum toxin injection. "
3.	NitritesIBA 10/01/1981 - "Nitrites in the treatment of diffuse esophageal spasm." 01/01/1977 - "The effect of nitroglycerine and long acting nitrites was studied in a group of 8 normal control subjects and 12 patients with esophageal spasm. " 01/01/1977 - "Esophageal spasm: clinical and manometric response to nitroglycerine and long acting nitrites." 01/01/1977 - "If there is esophageal spasm associated with reflux esophagitis, nitrites may be beneficial as an adjunct to antireflux therapy." 01/01/1977 - "The study suggests that if esophageal spasm is associated with reflux, the use of nitrites is less effective in controlling spasm than it is in those who do not show this association, and that diffuse esophageal spasm can be effectively managed with long acting nitrites on a long term basis in the absence of reflux. "
4.	Fluoxetine (Prozac)FDA LinkGeneric 09/15/2023 - "Fluoxetine and diltiazem were effective for clinical symptom relief in patients with distal esophageal spasm, but were not promising for improving psychological symptoms. " 09/15/2023 - "Comparison of the efficacy of diltiazem versus fluoxetine in the treatment of distal esophageal spasm: A randomized-controlled-trial." 09/15/2023 - "The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of diltiazem versus fluoxetine in the treatment of distal esophageal spasm. "
5.	Diltiazem (Cardizem)FDA LinkGeneric 09/15/2023 - "Fluoxetine and diltiazem were effective for clinical symptom relief in patients with distal esophageal spasm, but were not promising for improving psychological symptoms. " 09/15/2023 - "Comparison of the efficacy of diltiazem versus fluoxetine in the treatment of distal esophageal spasm: A randomized-controlled-trial." 09/15/2023 - "The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of diltiazem versus fluoxetine in the treatment of distal esophageal spasm. "
6.	Type A Botulinum Toxins (Botox)FDA Link 11/01/2017 - "Three patients had esophageal Botox for ineffective esophageal motility (IEM) (n = 1), esophago-gastric junction outlet obstruction (EGJOO) & IEM (n = 1), and diffuse esophageal spasm (DES) (n = 1). " 12/01/2001 - "Treatment of symptomatic diffuse esophageal spasm by endoscopic injection of botulinum toxin: a prospective study with long term follow-up." 12/01/2001 - "Treatment of symptomatic diffuse esophageal spasm by endoscopic injections of botulinum toxin: a prospective study with long-term follow-up." 04/01/2002 - "Case reports have shown good results with Botox administration in treatment of diffuse esophageal spasm, anismus, oropharyngeal dysphagia, anterior rectocele, and secondary achalasia. "
7.	Calcium Channel Blockers (Blockers, Calcium Channel)IBA 01/01/1999 - "The use of calcium channel antagonists can be beneficial, at least in some patients with diffuse esophageal spasm. " 05/01/1996 - "The calcium channel blockers appear to affect all the organs of the gastrointestinal tract and may have therapeutic efficacy on esophageal spasm, irritable bowel syndrome, mesenteric vascular insufficiency, dyskinesis of the Sphincter of Oddi, and insulinoma. " 09/01/1984 - "Future indications for calcium channel blocker therapy may include hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, cerebral vasospasm, migraine headaches, pulmonary hypertension, asthma, esophageal spasm, intestinal ischemia, Raynaud's phenomenon, dysmenorrhea, and premature labor."
8.	Glucagon (Glukagon)FDA Link 03/01/1995 - "This report presents the first case in which glucagon administration enabled the removal of an impacted orogastric tube in a patient with distal esophageal spasm. " 05/01/1986 - "Possible mechanisms of esophageal spasm and its relief with glucagon are discussed." 05/01/1986 - "A case of propranolol overdose complicated by esophageal spasm preventing extrication of an orogastric lavage tube and relieved by intravenous glucagon is presented. " 05/01/1986 - "Esophageal spasm following propranolol overdose relieved by glucagon."
9.	Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors)IBA 09/01/2011 - "Trazodone improved symptoms in patients with esophageal contraction abnormalities, while administration of SSRIs lowered chemical and mechanical sensitivity and benefited patients with diffuse esophageal spasm. "
10.	Trazodone (Trittico)FDA LinkGeneric 09/01/2011 - "Trazodone improved symptoms in patients with esophageal contraction abnormalities, while administration of SSRIs lowered chemical and mechanical sensitivity and benefited patients with diffuse esophageal spasm. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Myotomy 05/01/2020 - "Peroral endoscopic myotomy is an effective treatment for diffuse esophageal spasm." 12/01/1999 - "Cricopharyngeal myotomy was useful for avoiding reconstructed esophageal spasm, and tracheal cartilaginous implantation was effective for maintaining a wide subneoglottal space. " 01/01/2022 - "Here, we describe a 12-year-old boy with an acute pandysautonomia-associated distal esophageal spasm who was treated using a peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM). " 01/01/2022 - "Case report: Peroral endoscopic myotomy for acute pandysautonomia-associated distal esophageal spasm in a child." 12/01/2019 - "Long-term outcomes of per-oral endoscopic myotomy in a patient with distal esophageal spasm followed up for 2.5 years: two sides of the same coin - A Case Report and Literature Review."
2.	Therapeutics 06/01/1983 - "We conclude from this study that pneumatic dilatation is an effective form of therapy for a select group of patients with severe symptomatic diffuse esophageal spasm with lower esophageal sphincter dysfunction who are unresponsive to conventional medical therapy." 06/01/1983 - "Nine patients with severe symptoms of diffuse esophageal spasm and lower esophageal sphincter dysfunction who were unresponsive to medical therapy and bougienage dilatation were treated by forceful pneumatic dilatation. " 03/01/1976 - "But diffuse esophageal spasm is little responsive to therapy. " 07/01/1990 - "Current medical therapies for Diffuse Esophageal Spasm and Esophageal Chest Pain are often considered less than satisfactory, however, a better physiopathological knowledge of these conditions might produce a more appropriate therapeutic management of the patients with continual and disabling symptoms." 01/01/1969 - "[Contribution on the classification, endoscopic differential diagnosis and therapy of chronic esophageal spasms and achalasia]."
3.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 09/01/2010 - "This review summarizes the treatment of diffuse esophageal spasm, including pharmacotherapy, endoscopic treatment, and surgical treatment with a special focus on botulinum toxin injection. " 12/01/1983 - "This study suggests that verapamil may have potential as a drug therapy in treating the clinical symptoms of achalasia and diffuse esophageal spasm."
4.	Laryngectomy 01/01/2010 - "The study suggests that the tree-layer non-muscular pharyngeal closure with inferior pharyngeal constrictor unsutured is the preferable method to prevent pharyngo-esophageal spasm after total laryngectomy. "
5.	Fundoplication 11/01/1996 - "Of the remaining 39 (74%), 25 had an isolated HLES with normal esophageal body motility, 5 had a nonspecific esophageal motility disorders (NEMD), 4 were post-Nissen fundoplication, 3 had a nutcracker esophagus, and 2 had diffuse esophageal spasm (DES). " 01/01/1987 - "Extended esophageal myotomy and short total fundoplication hernia repair in diffuse esophageal spasm: five-year review in 34 patients." 03/01/2008 - "When treating achalasia or diffuse esophageal spasm by esophageal myotomy and an antireflux operation, a total fundoplication adds too much resistance to allow esophageal emptying and is considered as inappropriate. " 02/15/2008 - "When treating achalasia or diffuse esophageal spasm by esophageal myotomy and an antireflux operation, a total fundoplication is not appropriate, whereas a partial fundoplication provides proper antireflux effect without significant esophageal emptying difficulty." 12/01/2007 - "Esophageal dysmotility was found in nine (7%) of 138 patients after laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication, including secondary achalasia in three (33%), diffuse esophageal spasm (DES) in two (22%), and a nonspecific esophageal motility disorder in four (44%). "