Toxocariasis

Infection by round worms of the genus TOXOCARA, usually found in wild and domesticated cats and dogs and foxes, except for the larvae, which may produce visceral and ocular larva migrans in man.

Also Known As:

Networked: 397 relevant articles (27 outcomes, 57 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Eosinophilia
2.	Infections
3.	Uveitis
4.	Granuloma
5.	Visceral Larva Migrans

Experts

1.	Zibaei, Mohammad: 6 articles (05/2022 - 01/2013)
2.	Sadjjadi, Seyed Mahmoud: 5 articles (07/2022 - 09/2007)
3.	Noordin, Rahmah: 5 articles (01/2020 - 01/2005)
4.	Scaini, Carlos James: 5 articles (01/2019 - 01/2012)
5.	Huh, Sun: 5 articles (05/2015 - 06/2005)
6.	Ito, Akira: 5 articles (11/2011 - 03/2004)
7.	Zhang, Ting: 4 articles (01/2022 - 04/2020)
8.	Santarém, Vamilton Alvares: 4 articles (12/2021 - 03/2011)
9.	Woo, Se Joon: 4 articles (04/2021 - 06/2013)
10.	Conceição, Fabricio Rochedo: 4 articles (01/2019 - 01/2012)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Toxocariasis:

1.	AntigensIBA 01/01/2023 - "The current study aimed to assess the efficacy of deglycosylated Toxocara cati excretory-secretory (dTES) antigens for the serodiagnosis of human toxocariasis. " 05/01/1998 - "Larger scale studies are underway to investigate the efficacy of rTc-CPL-1 as a diagnostic antigen for human toxocariasis, the current test for which relies on whole excretory/secretory antigens of cultured parasites." 01/01/2020 - "Immunogenicity and protection against infectious challenge for seven of these antigens were determined in a murine model of toxocariasis. " 03/03/2016 - "Given that there is no gold standard test, the behaviour of the antigen was compared with the method that is routinely used to immunodiagnose toxocariasis, i.e., the conventional ELISA technique using excretion/secretion antigens.  The rTES-30 was produced from an Escherichia coli LB culture which yielded 2.25 mg/L of the antigen with a purity of 95%. " 01/01/2023 - "Considering the findings of the present study, the dTES antigens seem to be suitable antigens for the serodiagnosis of human toxocariasis."
2.	Albendazole (Albenza)FDA Link 11/18/2023 - "Currently, albendazole, the most effective drug for treating visceral toxocariasis, shows moderate efficacy against the larvae in tissues and has some adverse effects. " 12/01/2023 - "Serologies for both Fasciola hepatica and Toxocara spp. were positive, with the latter presenting a higher index. We opted for treatment with a prolonged course of albendazole due to the serological results and being toxocariasis more frequent in our setting. " 12/02/2020 - "Albendazole is used for the treatment of toxocariasis diagnosed by serologic and immunological methods. " 01/01/2020 - "The patient was diagnosed as having hepatic toxocariasis and was treated with albendazole for 8 weeks. " 03/01/2015 - "Albendazole is one of the treatment choices for toxocariasis, with a currently recommended regimen of 10 mg/kg/day in two doses (400 mg twice daily) for 5 days. "
3.	EnzymesIBA 10/01/2003 - "To study the prevalence of toxocariasis and its impact on the reproductive health of inhabitants in the Saratov Region, enzyme immunoassay was used to examine 1404 patients, including 210 children, 912 females, and 282 males. " 04/01/2013 - "[Optimization of a method for accounting the results of enzyme immunoassay for toxocariasis]." 10/01/2009 - "Immunopathologic reactions may occur during toxocariasis due to tissue invasion and destruction by the secretions of larvae containing various enzymes with broad spectrum. " 05/01/2009 - "Evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot test for the confirmatory serodiagnosis of human toxocariasis." 03/01/1979 - "The high degree of sensitivity and specificity of the toxocariasis enzyme-immunoassay indicates that this new test should be useful in reference immunodiagnostic applications and in large-scale seroepidemiological surveys."
4.	ImmunosorbentsIBA 06/01/2012 - "The present study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of toxocariasis in hypereosinophilic individuals in the city of Ahwaz, located in south-western Iran, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot techniques. " 11/01/2023 - "Toxocariasis diagnosis was based on the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) performed at the hospital's laboratory department. " 01/01/2021 - "Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blot (WB) confirmed the suspicion of toxocariasis, linked to the habit of the boy to ingest ground or animal faeces in a didactic farm frequented by the boy. " 05/01/2016 - "cati larvae using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and also Western blotting for serodiagnosis of human toxocariasis. " 01/01/2016 - "The diagnosis of ocular toxocariasis was confirmed immunologically by performing an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay on serum and/or intraocular fluid. "
5.	Immunoglobulin G (IgG)IBA 05/01/2009 - "In conclusion, the EITB-IgG test is a very useful tool to confirm the serological diagnosis of human toxocariasis." 05/01/2009 - "Additionally, when the results of the EITB-IgG test were compared to those of the ELISA-IgG test, a 100% concordance was observed for positive results in human toxocariasis cases. " 08/26/2021 - "Measurement of the IgG Avidity Index in the Diagnosis of Clinical Toxocariasis Patients." 01/01/2021 - "Diagnosis of Ocular Toxocariasis by Serum and Aqueous Humor IgG ELISA." 01/01/2020 - "Indirect IgG ELISA is a widely used serodiagnostic method for toxocariasis, with native T. "
6.	Mebendazole (Anti-Worm)FDA Link 03/01/1992 - "The authors discuss the results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised study on the efficacy of mebendazole versus placebo in the treatment of human toxocariasis in 45 and 43 patients respectively, who exhibited evocative clinical and biological symptoms and a seropositivity. " 03/01/1992 - "[Double blind study of the efficacy of mebendazole in minor forms of human toxocariasis]." 01/01/2008 - "In children with toxocariasis its covert form was diagnosed and mebendazole was administered. " 05/01/1995 - "We have studied the action of mebendazole on experimental murine toxocariasis using different formulations and vehicles. " 05/01/1995 - "Evaluation by larval recovery of mebendazole activity in experimental murine toxocariasis."
7.	SteroidsIBA 11/01/2016 - "In general, steroids are not commonly used as a treatment of toxocariasis, however it seems to have been effective in this case. " 11/01/2016 - "We experienced a case of toxocariasis which was initially treated with steroids for Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangitis (EGPA). " 11/01/2016 - "[A Case Diagnosed Toxocariasis After the Intiation of Treatment with Steroids for Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangitis (EGPA)]." 12/01/2000 - "Systemic steroids associated to specific treatment of toxocariasis were initiated. " 06/01/1994 - "All patients with ocular toxocariasis were treated with systematic steroids."
8.	AntibodiesIBA 01/01/2021 - "This study was designed to i) assess the presence of anti-Toxocara spp. antibodies in pregnant women that presented to the public health system in a city of southeastern Brazil, and ii) determine the risk factors for toxocariasis in adolescent and adult pregnant women. " 04/24/2017 - "Prevalence of Toxocara antibodies among patients clinically suspected to have ocular toxocariasis: A retrospective descriptive study in Sri Lanka." 03/01/2011 - "The aim of this study was to analyze the prevalence of Toxocara spp. antibodies in children from two different socioeconomic classes in the Presidente Prudente municipality, São Paulo State, Brazil, and the protective and risk factors associated with toxocariasis. " 10/01/2022 - "Diagnosis of human toxocariasis is based on the combination of clinical, parasitological, and epidemiological criteria, as well as serology tests that detect anti-Toxocara antibodies. " 01/01/2022 - "Of the 472 collected serum samples, 66 (14.0%) were positive for antibodies against human toxocariasis. "
9.	TESIBA 01/01/2023 - "The sensitivity of TES and dTES ELISA for the diagnosis of human toxocariasis was 96.67% (95% CI = 82.78-99.92) and 93.33% (95% CI = 77.93-99.18), respectively, while the specificity of dTES (88.33%; 95% CI = 77.43-95.18) increased significantly compared to the TES (80.00%; 95% CI = 67.67-89.22). " 04/15/2013 - "The best choice for serodiagnosis of the generalised forms of toxocariasis, visceral larva migrans (VLM) or covert toxocariasis, relies upon the initial use of TES-ELISA, after which any positive result should subsequently be tested by Western blotting (WB). " 01/01/2010 - "Conclusions Our study demonstrates the need to perform Western blotting immunodiagnosis, whatever the TES-ELISA result, to improve diagnosis of human toxocariasis in patients with chronic urticaria caused by Toxocara infection." 12/01/2003 - "The assayed sera were from patients with: cysticercosis (n = 18); toxocariasis (n = 40); schistosomiasis (n = 19) and hydatidosis (n = 50) with proven clinical and laboratory diagnosis, and sera from rabbits immunized with Tso, Tcra-VF, TES and Eg. " 01/01/2010 - "Objectives Because urticaria and pruritus/prurigo are skin conditions previously associated with toxocariasis, we carried out a prospective study using both TES-ELISA and Toxocara Western blot on 113 patients with either chronic urticaria (n = 84) or chronic pruritus (n = 29). "
10.	Diethylcarbamazine (Hetrazan)FDA Link 01/01/1993 - ""Covert toxocariasis" in a child treated with low-dose diethylcarbamazine." 01/01/1993 - "A girl aged 2.5 years with "covert toxocariasis" was treated with low-dose diethylcarbamazine because of supposed noticeable disseminated Toxocara canis infection without ocular or visceral manifestations. " 07/20/2022 - "A Retrospective Study of the Efficacy of Albendazole and Diethylcarbamazine for the Treatment of Human Toxocariasis." 06/01/1995 - "Comparative efficacy of diethylcarbamazine and mebendazole for the treatment of human toxocariasis." 07/20/2022 - "In the Department of Parasitology and Mycology of Toulouse University Hospitals, patients presenting with common/covert toxocariasis were treated either with albendazole (39 cases) or with diethylcarbamazine (32 cases). "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 01/22/2022 - "Therapy and Prevention for Human Toxocariasis." 12/01/2012 - "Herein, the problems and pitfalls of treatment of toxocariasis are addressed, and new trends in therapy are discussed." 05/01/2010 - "Although the optimal duration of ABZ therapy has not been established, 4 weeks or longer seemed necessary to obtain a complete cure in pulmonary toxocariasis." 01/01/2008 - "In children with toxocariasis the ECP concentration was 30.19 microg/l before the therapy and was significantly higher than in the control group (p<0.05); after 6 months of the therapy it decreased significantly (p<0.05). " 06/01/2007 - "Because it is a rare disorder, one may not be familiar with the clinical presentation and suggested therapy for ocular toxocariasis. "
2.	Vitrectomy 04/02/2020 - "Ocular Toxocariasis: Long-Term Follow-Up and Prognosis of Patients following Vitrectomy." 09/01/2003 - "[Importance of pars plana vitrectomy in the diagnosis of ocular toxocariasis]." 01/01/2001 - "[Pars plana vitrectomy in treatment of ocular toxocariasis complications--case report]." 04/01/1999 - "Pars plana vitrectomy and subretinal surgery for ocular toxocariasis." 01/01/1983 - "Vitrectomy for complications of ocular toxocariasis."
3.	Traction 01/01/2000 - "Vitrectomy update for macular traction in ocular toxocariasis." 01/01/2000 - "To study the results of modern vitrectomy in traction and combined traction-rhegmatogenous retinal detachment involving the macula in cases of ocular toxocariasis. " 07/15/1989 - "Surgical management of retinal traction caused by toxocariasis." 01/01/2008 - "Toxocariasis, also caused by a parasite, is second in importance, giving rise to choroidal granulomas and retinal tractions." 05/01/1990 - "Pars plana vitrectomy has been used in cases of ocular toxocariasis to remove vitreous opacities due to chronic inflammation and to relieve vitreo-retinal traction causing macular distortion and retinal detachment. "
4.	Lasers (Laser) 10/01/2021 - "The purpose of this study is to compare the lesion detection rates of ocular toxocariasis (OT) between ultra-wide-field scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (UWF-SLO) and conventional fundus photography (CFP), and to evaluate the potential diagnostic ability of UWF-SLO in OT. " 11/17/2021 - ": BCVA: best-corrected visual acuity; BFGF: basic fibroblast growth factor; CFT: central foveal thickness; CI: confidence interval; ELISA: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; ERM: epiretinal membrane; IOP: intraocular pressure; IQR: interquartile range; IL: interleukin; LFM: laser flare meter; MH: macular hole; OCT: optical coherence tomography; OR: odds ratio; OT: ocular toxocariasis; RD: retinal detachment; TA: triamcinolone acetonide; TCLA: Toxocara canis larva crude antigen; TGF: transforming growth factor; VCAM: vascular cell adhesion molecule; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor."
5.	Hypophysectomy 03/15/2018 - "Thus, the aim of this study, was to evaluate the effect of hypophysectomy in the rat model of Toxocariasis, on the immune response against this parasite during a chronic infection, for which parasite loads were analyzed in different organs (lung and brain). "