Surgical Wound Infection

Infection occurring at the site of a surgical incision.

Also Known As:

Infection, Postoperative Wound; Infection, Surgical Wound; Surgical Site Infection; Wound Infection, Postoperative; Wound Infection, Surgical; Infection, Surgical Site; Infections, Postoperative Wound; Infections, Surgical Site; Infections, Surgical Wound; Postoperative Wound Infections; Surgical Site Infections; Surgical Wound Infections; Wound Infections, Postoperative; Wound Infections, Surgical; Postoperative Wound Infection

Networked: 8278 relevant articles (436 outcomes, 1206 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Wounds and Injuries (Trauma)
2.	Infections
3.	Neoplasms (Cancer)
4.	Pain (Aches)
5.	Hernia (Hernias)

Experts

1.	Fraser, Victoria J: 27 articles (10/2022 - 04/2002)
2.	Olsen, Margaret A: 27 articles (10/2022 - 07/2002)
3.	Mont, Michael A: 23 articles (07/2022 - 09/2010)
4.	Edmiston, Charles E: 21 articles (03/2022 - 10/2006)
5.	Parvizi, Javad: 20 articles (01/2022 - 01/2010)
6.	Sessler, Daniel I: 19 articles (07/2022 - 12/2002)
7.	Campbell, Darrell A: 18 articles (11/2019 - 12/2008)
8.	Joshi, Manjari: 16 articles (07/2022 - 02/2013)
9.	O'Toole, Robert V: 16 articles (07/2022 - 10/2013)
10.	Rodríguez-Caravaca, Gil: 15 articles (04/2022 - 01/2010)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Surgical Wound Infection:

1.	Anti-Bacterial Agents (Antibiotics)IBA 01/01/2023 - "With intravenous antibiotics as a baseline comparator, network meta-analysis demonstrated a significant reduction in total surgical site infection risk with intravenous antibiotics + oral antibiotics (OR 0.47 (95 per cent c.i. 0.32 to 0.68)) and intravenous antibiotics + oral antibiotics + mechanical bowel preparation (OR 0.55 (95 per cent c.i. 0.40 to 0.76)), whereas oral antibiotics + mechanical bowel preparation resulted in a higher surgical site infection rate compared with intravenous antibiotics alone (OR 1.84 (95 per cent c.i. 1.20 to 2.81)). " 01/01/2020 - "While surgical site infection number (n = 2/year) was stable, administration of timely prophylactic antibiotics significantly improved: 27.5% of cases per month at baseline and 86.9% at the conclusion of the rollout of the sequential interventions (P < .001). " 01/01/2020 - "Oral antibiotics were associated with a significant reduction in the risk of surgical-site infections compared with no oral antibiotics (odds ratio 0·41, 95% CI 0·20-0·80; p=0·008). " 03/21/2015 - "Second, in postoperative management, a multifactorial approach including prophylactic antibiotics improved high surgical site infection rates following complex hepato-pancreato-biliary surgery. " 08/01/2012 - "A change in policy to administer prophylactic antibiotics before incision resulted in a significant reduction in postcesarean surgical site infections. "
2.	Povidone-Iodine (Betadine)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/1977 - "Efficacy of povidone-iodine irrigation in prevention of surgical wound infections." 07/01/2023 - "Minor complications, specifically blackening of the skin flap in the neck resulting in surgical site infections, were observed in 16% (eight patients) of the MMC group and in 6% (three patients) of the betadine group (p = 0.1997) patients. " 11/01/2022 - "Aqueous povidone-iodine irrigation had significantly lower surgical site infections in all surgical populations (OR, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.20-0.81, P = .01) compared with saline irrigation or no irrigation for the subject under surgery. " 12/01/2021 - "The surgical site infection rate was 8.6% in both the PVP-I and OLG groups, with no significant difference observed. " 09/22/2021 - "Of the several methods used to prevent surgical site infection (SSI), diluted povidone-iodine (PI) lavage is used widely. "
3.	Vancomycin FDA LinkGeneric 08/01/2015 - "There was no evidence to suggest that intraoperative vancomycin application is effective in decreasing the risk of postoperative wound infection after instrumented posterior lumbar fusion surgery." 10/01/2019 - "Topical vancomycin has been demonstrated to be safe and effective for reducing surgical site infections (SSIs) following spine surgery in both adults and children, however, there are no studies of its efficacy in reducing SSIs in craniofacial surgery. " 12/01/2010 - "The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of a standardized prebypass and postbypass dosing regimen of vancomycin by assessing plasma concentrations in the immediate postoperative period and postoperative surgical site infections (SSIs). " 01/01/2018 - "The efficacy of local vancomycin for reducing surgical site infections after cranioplasty." 12/01/2023 - "The current study was unable to conclude that vancomycin decreased the rate of surgical site infections. "
4.	PowdersIBA 09/03/2019 - "Supplementation of enteral nutritional powder decreases surgical site infection, prosthetic joint infection, and readmission after hip arthroplasty in geriatric femoral neck fracture with hypoalbuminemia." 01/01/2021 - "This study aimed to determine the efficacy of prophylactic use of vancomycin powder against surgical site infections in patients with high-risk conditions who underwent posterior spinal instrumentation. " 01/01/2021 - "Efficacy of prophylactic application of vancomycin powder in preventing surgical site infections after instrumented spinal surgery: A retrospective analysis of patients with high-risk conditions." 11/01/2023 - "Intrawound vancomycin powder is effective in preventing surgical site infection after spine surgery. " 01/01/2019 - "Our meta-analysis study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of vancomycin powder to reduce the surgical site infection (SSI) in spinal surgery. "
5.	ChlorhexidineIBA 01/01/2022 - "Efficacy of surgical skin preparation with chlorhexidine in alcohol according to the concentration required to prevent surgical site infection: meta-analysis." 11/01/2017 - "This meta-analysis aimed to examine the efficacy of the use of chlorhexidine to prevent surgical site infections after TKA. " 02/09/2021 - "This study compares the effectiveness of alcohol-based chlorhexidine and alcohol-based iodophor for surgical site skin preparation for prevention of surgical site infections (SSIs). " 10/01/2014 - "Nasal photodisinfection and chlorhexidine wipes decrease surgical site infections: a historical control study and propensity analysis." 10/01/2022 - "Swedish national guidelines recommend full-body disinfection (FBD) with 4% chlorhexidine before hip fracture surgery to prevent surgical-site infection (SSI) despite little evidence. "
6.	Cefazolin (Ancef)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2019 - "We undertook this systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to determine whether cefazolin, with limited antianaerobic spectrum, is as effective in preventing surgical site-infection (SSI) as the other first-choice antimicrobials that have more extensive antianaerobic activity. " 08/01/2018 - "The standard 2-g dose of cefazolin appeared effective in the prevention of surgical site infection. " 05/01/2017 - "Administration of 2 g of cefazolin to women undergoing scheduled C/S might be an adequate prophylactic dose for surgical wound infection in both non-obese and obese patients; and cefazolin concentration in fetal circulation may be protective against GBS and S aureus." 05/01/2017 - "We evaluate the efficacy of pre-operative cefazolin two gram and three gram doses as measured by the rate of surgical site infection (SSI). " 01/01/2019 - "This study aimed to compare the prevalence of surgical site infections (SSIs) in obese and non-obese patients (body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2 and < 30 kg/m2), and those weighing ≥ 120 kg and < 120 kg, who received 2- g cefazolin preoperatively. "
7.	Local Anti-Infective Agents (Antiseptics)IBA 11/16/2023 - "No study has evaluated the efficacy of using preoperative antiseptic dressings in reducing the rate of surgical site infection (SSI) in spine surgery thus far. " 07/01/2009 - "To study the efficacy of the reduction of bacterial colonization and surgical wound infection among these antiseptic. " 07/01/2023 - "The Efficacy of Antiseptic Treatment of Surgical Drains on Bacterial Colonisation and Surgical Site Infection Post Breast Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." 10/01/2022 - "Efficacy of different preoperative skin antiseptics on the incidence of surgical site infections: a systematic review, GRADE assessment, and network meta-analysis." 11/01/2023 - "Antiseptic Skin Agents to Prevent Surgical Site Infection After Clean Implant Surgery: Subgroup Analysis of the NEWSkin Prep Trial."
8.	chlorhexidine gluconate (Dyna-Hex)FDA LinkGeneric 11/25/2023 - "To evaluate whether use of both preoperative 2% chlorhexidine gluconate abdominal cloth and 4% chlorhexidine gluconate vaginal scrub are effective in reducing surgical site infections in patients undergoing cesarean delivery after labor. " 05/01/2004 - "Although chlorhexidine gluconate has been used effectively to minimize surgical site infection in vaginal surgery, the possibility for adverse reaction should be considered." 07/01/1996 - "Both skin preparation protocols were effective and safe in decreasing the skin microflora population of cattle before surgery and although preparation with chlorhexidine gluconate and alcohol resulted in less CFUs immediately postscrub, the frequency of surgical wound infection was similar for both protocols." 01/01/2019 - "The effectiveness of postoperative antimicrobial dressings in reducing surgical site infections is unclear and limited information is available on the efficacy of chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG)-impregnated postoperative dressings. " 03/01/2020 - "Background: The aim of this study was to determine whether incision irrigation with chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) reduces surgical site infections (SSIs) in pilonidal disease surgery. "
9.	Metronidazole (Metric)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2017 - "nim gene-independent metronidazole-resistant Bacteroides fragilis in surgical site infections." 01/01/1998 - "Postoperative wound infections occurred in 12% in the placebo group and 6% in the metronidazole group. " 11/01/1987 - "Fourteen of the 96 patients (14.6%) in the metronidazole group and 13 of the 94 in the placebo group (13.8%) developed postoperative wound infection. " 06/01/1983 - "[Metronidazole in the prevention and treatment of surgical wound infection (review of the literature)]." 01/01/1983 - "Six of the 72 patients (8.2%) developed postoperative wound infections: four of 42 (9.5%) who received placebo and two of 30 (6.6%) who received metronidazole (P = 0.54 by Fisher exact test). "
10.	SolutionsIBA 08/14/2002 - "Hand-rubbing with an aqueous alcoholic solution vs traditional surgical hand-scrubbing and 30-day surgical site infection rates: a randomized equivalence study." 03/01/2023 - "222-nm UVC light as a skin-safe solution to antimicrobial resistance in acute hospital settings with a particular focus on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and surgical site infections: a review." 01/01/2022 - "No surgical site infections were identified in either group during the 30-day postoperative period, and there were no reported adverse reactions to either solution. " 01/01/2021 - "Contamination of solutions in sterile basins Key words: sterile basin, splash basin, instrument table, solution contamination, surgical site infection. " 12/01/2020 - "We aimed to compare single and double application of the solution in preventing surgical site infection (SSI) in patients undergoing general surgery. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Antibiotic Prophylaxis 12/01/2021 - "The 35 questions encompassed several research themes, with antibiotic prophylaxis (n = 8), prevention of surgical site infections (SSIs; n = 6), and improved diagnostics (n = 5) being most common. " 08/01/2016 - "Trials of cardiothoracic antibiotic prophylaxis have found it to be beneficial in preventing postoperative wound infections. " 06/01/2005 - "The aim of this study was to determine the risk factors of surgical site infections (SSI) in clean surgery and to identify high- and low-risk patients from whom efficacy of the antibiotic prophylaxis was analyzed. " 01/01/2022 - "Extended antibiotic prophylaxis is associated with a reduced risk of surgical site infections for high-risk patients with no significant reduction on 28-day mortality. " 04/01/2012 - "Whether these process measures, which include several components related to the administration of antibiotic prophylaxis, are effective in decreasing rates of surgical site infection has come under considerable debate recently."
2.	Length of Stay 01/01/2017 - "The most pronounced benefits of MI-TLIF are a significant reduction of blood loss, shorter lengths of hospital stay (LOHS) and lower surgical site infection rates. " 09/11/2023 - "This study demonstrated that NPWT led to a statistically significant reduction in the occurrence of postoperative surgical wound infections (OR: 0.377, 95% CI: 0.238-0.598, p < 0.001), fewer postoperative complications (OR: 0.526, 95% CI: 0.360-0.770, p = 0.001) and a shortened hospital stay (SMD: -0.678, 95%CI: -1.324 to -0.031, p = 0.040) after spinal surgery compared with the control group. " 01/01/2018 - "In addition, high compliance was associated with a significant reduction in length of stay (p < 0.01), surgical site infection (p < 0.002), and morbidity (p < 0.009). " 01/01/2017 - "There was significant reduction in index hospitalization length of stay (5.3 versus 7.0 d; P < 0.001) and postoperative surgical site infection (7.3% versus 16.6%; P = 0.01). " 12/01/2011 - "The LA showed good results in terms of the time to soft diet, the length of hospital stay, and surgical site infection (SSI) whereas the overall complication rates were similar for the two groups. "
3.	Therapeutics 06/01/2013 - "This study evaluates the efficacy of negative-pressure therapy (NPT) in preventing surgical site infections (SSIs) in high-risk surgical oncology patients. " 11/01/2020 - "In particular, closed incision negative pressure therapy was associated with a significant reduction in both superficial incisional surgical site infections (9.4% vs 29.7%; P<.001) and deep incisional surgical site infections (0.0% vs 6.8%; P=.04). " 04/01/2016 - "A recent meta-analysis comparing the use of closed-incision negative-pressure therapy to standard dressings found a statistically significant reduction in surgical-site infection. " 01/01/2022 - "Closed incision negative pressure therapy (ciNPT) is effective in reducing SSCs and surgical site infections (SSIs) in other populations. " 08/01/2006 - "Perioperative antimicrobial therapy has demonstrated efficacy in reducing the rate of surgical site infections in clinical trials. "
4.	Negative-Pressure Wound Therapy 10/01/2021 - "Negative pressure wound therapy is the best treatment strategy for surgical site infection. " 01/01/2021 - "Recent publications have demonstrated the efficacy of the closed incision negative pressure dressing at preventing surgical site infections (SSIs); however, there are few data on its use in major LEAs. " 03/01/2021 - "Background: The main purpose was to assess the efficacy of negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) for surgical site infection (SSI) in elective open and laparoscopic open-assisted colorectal surgery. " 11/01/2022 - "Safety and efficacy of negative pressure wound therapy in treating deep surgical site infection after lumbar surgery." 10/01/2021 - "The aim of this meta-analysis was to compare the efficacy of negative pressure wound therapy with conventional treatment methods in the treatment of surgical site infection. "
5.	Sutures (Suture) 01/01/2013 - "In orthopaedic surgery sutures were found to be preferable, and for appendicial stump sutures were protective against both surgical site infection and post surgical complications. " 04/01/2013 - "A study of the efficacy of antibacterial sutures for surgical site infection: a retrospective controlled trial." 10/01/2018 - "The Efficacy of Antimicrobial-Coated Sutures for Preventing Incisional Surgical Site Infections in Digestive Surgery: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis." 01/01/2018 - "We aimed to compare the efficacy of subcuticular sutures versus staples for skin closure in preventing superficial surgical site infection in hepatobiliary-pancreatic surgery. " 01/13/2023 - "Subcuticular suture and incisional surgical-site infection in elective hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery: an open-label, pragmatic randomized clinical trial (CLOSKIN trial)."