Strabismus (Squint)

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1636 relevant articles (124 outcomes, 164 trials/studies) found for this Disease

Description: Misalignment of the visual axes of the eyes. In comitant strabismus the degree of ocular misalignment does not vary with the direction of gaze. In noncomitant strabismus the degree of misalignment varies depending on direction of gaze or which eye is fixating on the target. (Miller, Walsh & Hoyt's Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p641)

Also Known As:

Squint; Phoria; Hypertropia; Mechanical Strabismus; Convergent Comitant Strabismus; Comitant Strabismus; Comitant Strabismus, Convergent; Hypertropias; Noncomitant Strabismus; Strabismus, Convergent Comitant; Strabismus, Mechanical; Phorias; Strabismus, Comitant; Strabismus, Noncomitant

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Nervous System Diseases: 3643

Cranial Nerve Diseases: 155

Ocular Motility Disorders: 212

Ocular Motility Disorders: 212

Strabismus: 1636

Esotropia: 377

Exotropia: 197

Related Diseases

1.	Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting (PONV)
2.	Vomiting
3.	Cicatrix (Scar)
4.	Nausea
5.	Diplopia (Double Vision)

Experts

1.	Madan, R: 5 articles (06/2004 - 02/2000)
2.	Shende, D: 5 articles (09/2002 - 02/2000)
3.	Christiansen, Stephen P: 4 articles (01/2008 - 03/2002)
4.	Sadhasivam, S: 4 articles (09/2002 - 02/2000)
5.	Polati, Mariza: 3 articles (05/2008 - 01/2006)
6.	Debert, Iara: 3 articles (05/2008 - 01/2006)
7.	Mehta, Jodhbir S: 3 articles (12/2007 - 02/2003)
8.	Han, Sueng-Han: 3 articles (09/2007 - 09/2005)
9.	Plager, David A: 2 articles (08/2008 - 12/2003)
10.	Marsh, Ian B: 2 articles (07/2008 - 02/2008)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Strabismus:

1.	Ondansetron (Zofran)FDA LinkGeneric 02/01/2000 - "This prospective, randomized, double-blinded study evaluated the effect of the timing of ondansetron administration on its antiemetic efficacy in children undergoing elective strabismus surgery. " 03/01/2001 - "METHODS: One hundred and thirty-one healthy children, aged 31-152 months, undergoing strabismus surgery under general anaesthesia, were randomly allocated to one of four groups: group A received 0.04 mg.kg-1 ( identical with 1 mg.m-2) of ondansetron, group B 0.1 mg.kg-1 ( identical with 2.5 mg.m-2), group C 0.2 mg.kg-1 ( identical with 5 mg.m-2) and group D placebo, given intravenously following induction of anaesthesia. " 03/01/2001 - "A randomized controlled trial of the antiemetic effect of three doses of ondansetron after strabismus surgery in children." 02/01/2000 - "We conclude that the timing of ondansetron administration either before or after the surgical manipulation of extraocular muscles had similar antiemetic efficacy following strabismus surgery in children." 11/01/1999 - "Comparison of anti-emetic effects of ondansetron, metoclopromide or a combination of both in children undergoing surgery for strabismus." Order ALL the reference details at left...
2.	Botulinum Toxins (Botulinum Toxin)IBA 10/01/2003 - "Strabismus surgery in conjunction with intramuscular botulinum toxin injection can offer significant improvement in function and cosmesis of these patients." 01/01/2008 - "CONCLUSION: Botulinum toxin A injection appears to be a safe and effective treatment for overcorrected and undercorrected strabismus after unsatisfactory surgery. " 02/01/1997 - "Botulinum toxin was introduced as a safe and effective treatment for strabismus and other disorders of the extraocular muscles in the early 1980s. " 09/01/2004 - "The aim of this study is to determine the efficacy of a direct application of botulinum toxin in cases strabismus related to psychomotor retardation. " 01/01/2009 - "OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy of botulinum toxin in the treatment of strabismus compared with alternative treatment options, to investigate dose effect and complication rates. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
3.	Droperidol FDA LinkGeneric 02/01/2004 - "STUDY OBJECTIVE: To compare the frequency of postoperative emetic symptoms and side effects in pediatric strabismus surgery using four doses of droperidol. " 02/01/2004 - "Effects of droperidol dosage on postoperative emetic symptoms following pediatric strabismus surgery." 06/01/1990 - "Droperidol-induced extrapyramidal symptoms in an adolescent following strabismus surgery." 12/01/1983 - "The antiemetic effect of droperidol following outpatient strabismus surgery in children." 03/01/1981 - "Low doses (0.05 mg/kg) of intravenously administered droperidol were given intraoperatively to randomly assigned pediatric strabismus patients in a controlled double-masked paradigm. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
4.	Metoclopramide (Reglan)FDA LinkGeneric 02/01/1990 - "This randomized, double-blind study evaluated the efficacy of metoclopramide administered at the completion of surgery as an antiemetic agent in pediatric patients undergoing ambulatory strabismus surgery; 126 unpremedicated ASA Physical Status 1 and 2 children ranging in age from 2 to 18 yr served as subjects. " 03/01/1998 - "CONCLUSIONS: Metoclopramide in a dose of 0.25 mg/kg administered intravenously prior to manipulation of eyeball is devoid of the effects but is not effective in preventing postoperative emesis in children undergoing strabismus surgery." 02/01/1990 - "Metoclopramide reduces the incidence of vomiting following strabismus surgery in children." 03/01/1998 - "OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of metoclopramide (0.25 mg/kg) administered IV immediately after induction of general anesthesia for the prevention of postoperative emesis in children undergoing, elective strabismus surgery. " 03/01/1998 - "Prophylactic metoclopramide administered immediately after the induction of anesthesia has no effect on the incidence of postoperative emesis after strabismus surgery." Order ALL the reference details at left...
5.	Granisetron (Kytril)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/1999 - "Oral granisetron for strabismus surgery in children." 09/01/1999 - "CONCLUSION: Preoperative oral granisetron, in doses more than 40 microg/kg, is effective for preventing vomiting after strabismus surgery in children." 09/01/1999 - "OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of oral granisetron for the prevention of postoperative vomiting in children undergoing strabismus surgery. " 01/01/1999 - "PURPOSE: To determine the efficacy of oral granisetron in preventing postoperative vomiting (POV) following strabismus repair in children. " 09/01/1999 - "Preoperative oral granisetron for the prevention of vomiting after strabismus surgery in children." Order ALL the reference details at left...
6.	Dexamethasone (Maxidex)FDA LinkGeneric 06/01/2005 - "BACKGROUND: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the ocular hypertensive and anti-inflammatory responses to two different dosage schedules of 0.1% topical dexamethasone in a population of Chinese children undergoing strabismus surgery. " 06/01/2004 - "Two hundred and ten children were randomized to receive either dexamethasone in one of four dosages: 50 microg/kg (Group 1), 100 microg/kg (Group 2), 200 microg/kg (Group 3) and 250 microg/kg (Group 4) or normal saline (Group 5) prior to corrective surgery for strabismus. " 11/01/2000 - "INTERVENTION: Topical dexamethasone (0.1%) was administered to children undergoing bilateral strabismus surgery. " 06/01/2005 - "The results suggest that dexamethasone 0.25 mg/kg is more effective than saline and equally effective compared with larger doses for preventing PONV for pediatric strabismus surgery." 06/01/2004 - "We conclude that dexamethasone 50 microg/kg is effective for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting following strabismus repair in children." Order ALL the reference details at left...
7.	Mitomycin (Mitomycin-C)FDA LinkGeneric 10/01/2005 - "CONCLUSIONS: The intraoperative application of mitomycin C is a safe and effective adjunct to surgery in the treatment of restrictive strabismus." 05/01/2001 - "CONCLUSION: Intraoperative application of mitomycin C (0.2 mg/mL for 5 minutes) is a safe and effective adjunct to surgery in the treatment of restrictive strabismus." 10/01/2005 - "AIMS: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of mitomycin C in reducing postoperative adhesions following strabismus surgery. " 05/01/2001 - "PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of mitomycin C in reducing reformation of adhesions following surgery for restrictive strabismus. " 06/01/1995 - "We evaluated the efficacy of mitomycin C in reducing the severity of postoperative adhesions following strabismus surgery and in delaying the time adjustment after surgery. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
8.	Propofol (Diprivan)FDA LinkGeneric 09/01/2007 - "AIMS: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of propofol sedation combined with sub-Tenon's anaesthesia for strabismus surgery in adults. " 10/01/1990 - "The purpose of this study is an investigation of two protocols using propofol as induction and maintenance agent in 100 children scheduled for strabismus surgery (4-8 year, ASA I, NYHA I). " 11/01/2007 - "The authors compared the incidence and severity of emergence agitation in children who received a single dose of propofol at the end of strabismus surgery versus children who received saline. " 11/15/1992 - "Propofol and surgical contamination in strabismus surgery." 01/01/1990 - "[Effects of propofol on intraocular pressure in surgery of strabismus in children]" Order ALL the reference details at left...
9.	Diclofenac (SR 38)FDA LinkGeneric 08/01/1998 - "A randomized clinical trial of the nonsteroidal eyedrop diclofenac after strabismus surgery." 04/01/2002 - "Diclofenac, a non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug, is widely used to treat acute and chronic pain but there are few reports of its use given rectally in children undergoing strabismus surgery. " 05/01/2002 - "PURPOSE: To compare efficacy of topical diclofenac sodium 0.1% with dexamethasone 0.1% following strabismus surgery. " 10/01/2000 - "OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of topical diclofenac sodium 0.1% versus dexamethasone 0.1% on the conjunctival healing process and on intraocular pressure (IOP) after strabismus surgery. " 10/01/2000 - "Efficacy of diclofenac versus dexamethasone for treatment after strabismus surgery." Order ALL the reference details at left...
10.	Hyaluronic Acid (Hyaluronan)IBA 03/01/1996 - "BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The authors tested whether coating tissue with sodium hyaluronate (Na-HA) reduced postoperative adhesions and accelerated the healing process in strabismus surgery. " 03/01/1996 - "Sodium hyaluronate as a tool in strabismus surgery in rabbits." 07/01/1987 - "The use of sodium hyaluronate as a biologic sleeve in strabismus surgery." 06/01/1987 - "Data on 14 consecutive cases demonstrate the utility of Healon in adjustable strabismus surgery." 01/01/1990 - "[The use of Healon in surgery with adjustable sutures for strabismus]" Order ALL the reference details at left...

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Sutures (Suture) 01/01/2009 - "CONCLUSIONS: Single-stage adjustable suture strabismus surgery produces good results and is well suited to day case surgery." 11/01/1992 - "Strabismus surgery using one stage adjustable sutures was carried out under local anaesthesia in six patients with good results. " 09/01/2005 - "CONCLUSION: Full tendon transposition that is augmented with a posterior intermuscular suture is an effective procedure that results in improved ocular alignment in patients with paralytic strabismus and has a favorable complication profile." 10/01/1996 - "In one of these patients, a superior rectus muscle posterior fixation suture was effective in reducing the hypertropia. " 12/01/1998 - "CONCLUSIONS: A combined adjustable recession and posterior fixation suture of the same vertical rectus muscle was effective in reducing or eliminating vertical incomitant strabismus." Order ALL the reference details at left...
2.	Anesthesia 10/01/2005 - "SUMMARY: Improved timing of adjustment, improved anesthesia, and newer surgical techniques allow strabismus surgeons to offer treatment options better suited to the needs of each strabismus patient." 06/15/1990 - "Our results suggest that the use of peribulbar anesthesia is a safe and effective means of anesthesia in strabismus surgery because of minimal associated morbidity." 07/01/2009 - "CONCLUSION:Topical anesthesia in strabismus surgery is a useful technique in the treatment of extraocular muscle pathology, with few limitations. " 07/01/2009 - "METHODS:A total of 101 patients undergoing strabismus surgery with topical anesthesia in a single hospital were analyzed. " 07/01/2009 - "Topical anesthesia in strabismus surgery: a review of 101 cases." Order ALL the reference details at left...
3.	Tonsillectomy 12/01/1997 - "PATIENTS: 320 ASA physical status l and II patients between the ages of 2 and 12 years undergoing tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy or strabismus surgery. " 01/01/1998 - "This difference was seen whether or not patients thought to be at high risk for postoperative vomiting (strabismus or adenoidectomy +/- tonsillectomy) were included in the analysis. " 01/01/1996 - "Other procedures, including tonsillectomy, circumcision, and strabismus repair, resulted in about one-half the children experiencing clinically significant pain (> or = 30 mm on a 100 mm VAS). " 09/01/1991 - "We compared the differences in oxygen saturation and airway-related complications after tracheal extubation in pediatric patients undergoing elective strabismus surgery or adenoidectomy and/or tonsillectomy who were awake versus anesthetized. " 01/01/1996 - "CONCLUSION: Granisetron is effective in the prevention of retching and vomiting after strabismus repair and tonsillectomy in paediatric patients." Order ALL the reference details at left...
4.	Orthoptics (Orthoptic) 07/01/1992 - "It is emphasized that the good results are due to the tracking down of children with strabismus in kindergartens, to the application of the amblyopic preventive optical treatment and to pleoptic treatment maintained for years with monthly checkups to prevent relapses." 01/01/1985 - "The ratio was not related to visual acuity or to squint but was higher in those children whose vision was improved by orthoptic treatment. " 09/01/1979 - "Binocular training with full prismatic correction after the monocular therapy by occlusion brings a further improvement of the visual acuity as well as shown in a study of 29% (138 cases) of 469 selected cases with binocular problems and 43% (260 cases) of about 600 unselected cases of squint actually in treatment in the practice and orthoptic years the strength of the prisms is determined with the monocular covertest, in elder patients with the Polatest. " 07/01/1961 - "A study of one hundred forty nine non-operated, unselected, concomitant strabismus patients completing orthoptic training at the Optometric Center of New York." 04/01/2009 - "MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a prospective data collection of all children attending the orthoptic department with strabismus without pathology, both with and without unequal vision, from October 2007 to July 2008 managed using the protocol. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
5.	Adenoidectomy 12/01/1997 - "PATIENTS: 320 ASA physical status l and II patients between the ages of 2 and 12 years undergoing tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy or strabismus surgery. " 07/01/1987 - "The cost-effectiveness for parents of day-care pediatric surgery was assessed by comparing time and financial costs associated with two surgical procedures, one (squint repair) performed exclusively as a day-care procedure, the other (adenoidectomy) performed exclusively as an inpatient procedure. " 01/01/1998 - "This difference was seen whether or not patients thought to be at high risk for postoperative vomiting (strabismus or adenoidectomy +/- tonsillectomy) were included in the analysis. " 09/01/1991 - "We compared the differences in oxygen saturation and airway-related complications after tracheal extubation in pediatric patients undergoing elective strabismus surgery or adenoidectomy and/or tonsillectomy who were awake versus anesthetized. " 01/01/1998 - "This prospective, randomized, double-blinded study evaluated the antiemetic efficacy of granisetron and droperidol in 80 ASA physical status I children, aged 4-10 years, undergoing strabismus surgery or tonsillectomy with or without adenoidectomy. " Order ALL the reference details at left...

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