Spermatic Cord Torsion (Testicular Torsion)

The twisting of the SPERMATIC CORD due to an anatomical abnormality that left the TESTIS mobile and dangling in the SCROTUM. The initial effect of testicular torsion is obstruction of venous return. Depending on the duration and degree of cord rotation, testicular symptoms range from EDEMA to interrupted arterial flow and testicular pain. If blood flow to testis is absent for 4 to 6 h, SPERMATOGENESIS may be permanently lost.

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Networked: 790 relevant articles (61 outcomes, 165 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Reperfusion Injury
2.	Ischemia
3.	Atrophy
4.	Hypothermia
5.	Inflammation (Inflammations)

Experts

1.	Dehpour, Ahmad Reza: 14 articles (11/2021 - 12/2005)
2.	Wei, Si-Ming: 10 articles (01/2022 - 12/2007)
3.	Mentese, Ahmet: 8 articles (05/2022 - 03/2011)
4.	Alver, Ahmet: 8 articles (11/2020 - 04/2006)
5.	Romeo, Carmelo: 7 articles (07/2018 - 10/2004)
6.	Zhou, Jian: 7 articles (01/2017 - 12/2007)
7.	Huang, Chun-Jen: 6 articles (11/2021 - 05/2007)
8.	Shih, Hung-Jen: 6 articles (11/2021 - 05/2007)
9.	Yan, Zhi-Zhong: 6 articles (02/2013 - 12/2007)
10.	Bozlu, Murat: 6 articles (01/2010 - 05/2003)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Spermatic Cord Torsion:

1.	AntioxidantsIBA 01/01/2005 - "Currently available antioxidants do not provide any significant long-term protection against morphological damage to the testis by ROS generated in testicular torsion." 05/01/2014 - "Reproductive function was not altered by testicular torsion but antioxidants improved potency. " 03/01/2023 - "The study may extrapolate that both HBO and MO are antioxidant agents that can be used in testicular torsion. " 01/01/2017 - "The aim of this study was to investigate the potential protective antioxidant activity of the edible portion of date fruit extract in an experimental testicular torsion/detorsion (T/D) model in rats. " 01/01/1997 - "In the present study a model of testicular torsion in the rat was used to determine whether testicular function following torsion can be rescued by the administration of antioxidants and Ca++ channel blockers. "
2.	MelatoninIBA 04/01/2019 - "Melatonin has a significant protective effect on spermatogenesis after testicular torsion by regulating the expressions of apoptosis-related genes and increasing T-AOC in the testis tissue." 04/01/2019 - "To investigate the effects of melatonin on the oxidative stress and signaling pathways of apoptosis-related genes following testicular torsion/detorsion in male rats. " 04/01/2019 - "[Effects of melatonin on oxidative stress and apoptosis-related gene signaling pathways following testicular torsion in rats]." 10/01/2007 - "Three groups were subjected to right sided testicular torsion by twisting the testes 720 degrees counterclockwise for one, three and five hours; three groups were subjected to de-torsion following torsion lasting one, three and five hours; three groups were treated with intra-peritoneal melatonin (1 mg/kg) before torsion lasting one, three and five hours, and three groups were treated with intra-peritoneal melatonin before de-torsion following torsion lasting one, three and five hours. " 05/01/2005 - "The effects of melatonin on electrical field stimulation-evoked biphasic twitch responses in the ipsilateral and contralateral rat vasa deferentia after unilateral testicular torsion/detorsion."
3.	Nitric Oxide (Nitrogen Monoxide)FDA Link 06/24/2008 - "To study the protective effects of inhibition of tissue nitric oxide in the initial stage against the tardive injury of contralateral testicular spermatogenic function after unilateral testicular torsion. " 04/01/2000 - "To investigate histological changes in the contralateral testis of rats with unilateral testicular torsion and the protective effects of nitric oxide (NO) on possible damage. " 04/01/2000 - "The protective effects of nitric oxide on the contralateral testis in prepubertal rats with unilateral testicular torsion." 01/01/2020 - "Protective effect of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors in testicular torsion/detorsion in rats: a possible role of HIF-1α and nitric oxide." 01/01/2009 - "We investigated the effect of ginkgo biloba on germ cell apoptosis and also on expressions of endothelial (eNOS) and inducible (iNOS) nitric oxide synthases after testicular torsion. "
4.	DexmedetomidineFDA Link 01/01/2010 - "Effect of dexmedetomidine on testicular torsion/detorsion damage in rats." 03/01/2021 - "[Protective effect of dexmedetomidine on testicular torsion-induced ischemia-reperfusion injury: An experimental study]." 03/01/2021 - "To investigate the protective effect of dexmedetomidine (Dex) preconditioning against ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury after testicular torsion in rats. " 03/01/2021 - "Dexmedetomidine protects the rat testis against testicular torsion-induced early ischemia-reperfusion injury, but it is less effective for longer ischemia than 4 hours." 01/01/2010 - "We assessed the antioxidant activity of dexmedetomidine (DEX) during an ischemic period in a rat model of testicular torsion/detorsion (T/DT) by using biochemical and histopathological methods. "
5.	OzoneIBA 01/01/2017 - "Local ozone therapy is more effective than systemic ozone therapy at improving IRI-related testicular torsion. " 11/01/2017 - "Medical ozone therapy reduces oxidative stress and testicular damage in an experimental model of testicular torsion in rats." 03/01/2023 - "Comparison of hyperbaric oxygen and ozone treatment for ischemia/re-perfusion injury in an experimental testicular torsion model." 10/01/2012 - "Comparison of melatonin and ozone in the prevention of reperfusion injury following unilateral testicular torsion in rats." 01/01/2014 - "Effects of ozone therapy and taurine on ischemia/reperfusion-induced testicular injury in a rat testicular torsion model."
6.	ChromatinIBA 08/01/2023 - "Protective effects of human amniotic membrane derived mesenchymal stem cells (hAMSCs) secreted factors on mouse spermatogenesis and sperm chromatin condensation following unilateral testicular torsion." 03/01/2021 - "The data also revealed notably lower results of all sperm chromatin assays and lower apoptosis in both treatment groups relative to the testicular torsion group (p<0.05). " 03/01/2021 - "Protective effects of curcumin on chromatin quality, sperm parameters, and apoptosis following testicular torsion-detorsion in mice."
7.	Radioisotopes (Radionuclides)IBA 08/01/1997 - "Hydrocele mimicking testicular torsion on radionuclide and ultrasound studies." 01/01/1990 - "Reliability of radionuclide scintigraphy for detection of testicular torsion: an animal study." 12/01/1985 - "To distinguish spermatic cord torsion from other intrascrotal pathology, scrotal ultrasound and radionuclide scanning have been highly recommended on the basis of both clinical and experimental studies. " 05/01/1983 - "Scrotal ultrasound also complements radioisotope studies, locating the testicle when it cannot be found by palpation, and may detect testicular torsion that is not suspected clinically. " 11/01/2023 - "This article discusses the current clinical role and scope of functional radionuclide imaging using testicular perfusion scintigraphy with 99mTc-pertechnetate in patients presenting with an acute hemiscrotum for an early and reliable diagnosis of testicular torsion. "
8.	Oxygen (Dioxygen)IBA 11/01/2000 - "In the present study, testicular vasomotion and interstitial oxygen tensions were simultaneously measured prior to, during, and at various time points after repair of testicular torsion in the rat. " 09/01/2014 - "Hyperbaric oxygen treatment for unilateral testicular torsion in a child." 10/01/2013 - "While pilot animal investigations support a potential role for transscrotal NIRS for the detection of testicular torsion, this first clinical translation of animal findings reveals that the investigated, transcutaneous, reflectance geometry NIRS device failed to demonstrate symmetric oxygenation of left and right testes in healthy controls and also failed to demonstrate depressed tissue saturation of oxygen values in patients with confirmed testicular torsion. " 10/01/2013 - "The objective was to assess whether testicular torsion is associated with low testicular tissue saturation of oxygen (StO2 ) as measured by transscrotal near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and to compare the differences in NIRS values between testicles of the same patient, both in patients with testicular torsion and in healthy controls. " 03/01/1995 - "[Follow-up of contralateral intratesticular oxygen pressure in unilateral testicular torsion]."
9.	Vitamin EFDA LinkGeneric 10/01/2011 - "The results showed that vitamin E, when administered before torsion of the spermatic cord in rats, provided significant protection against acute testicular torsion and detorsion injury." 01/01/1996 - "The effect of vitamin E on ipsilateral and contralateral testis following unilateral testicular torsion in rats." 08/01/2020 - "This study was designed to investigate the protective effect of hypothermia and vitamin E on spermatogenic function after reduction of testicular torsion in rats. " 01/01/1996 - "An experimental study was conducted to investigate the role of lipid peroxidation in ipsilateral and contralateral testicular reperfusion injury following unilateral testicular torsion (TT) and the effect of vitamin E in the management of this injury. " 08/01/2020 - "Protective effect of hypothermia and vitamin E on spermatogenic function after reduction of testicular torsion in rats."
10.	Sildenafil Citrate (Viagra)FDA Link 04/01/2008 - "Protective effects of sildenafil administration on testicular torsion/detorsion damage in rats." 01/01/2011 - "This study was designed to investigate prevention of contralateral testicular injury with sildenafil citrate after unilateral testicular torsion/detorsion. " 12/01/2018 - "Microcirculatory effects of sildenafil in experimental testicular torsion in rats." 05/01/2012 - "The level of GSH (P < 0.05) in the testis in the group 2 were significantly lower (P < 0.05) and the levels of MDA and NO (P < 0.01 for both) in the testis were significantly higher when compared with those of the group 1. Administration of low dose sildenafil citrate prevented the increases in MDA and NO levels and decreases in GSH values induced by testicular torsion. " 05/01/2012 - "This experiment was designed to investigate the effect of sildenafil citrate on testicular injury after unilateral testicular torsion/detorsion (T/D). "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 07/01/2014 - "Studies have investigated the use of pharmacological agents as supportive therapy to surgical repair in order to prevent the adverse effects of testicular torsion. " 10/18/2023 - "Especially in the case of testicular torsion, rapid diagnosis is essential since time is an important factor to initiate organ-preserving therapy. " 08/01/2023 - "Collectively, these results indicated that miR-195-5p inhibits testicular IRI-induced pyroptosis by targeting PELP1, suggesting that it has the potential to serve as a novel target for the future development of therapies for testicular torsion." 04/01/2022 - "BM-MSCs can be used in testicular torsion as supportive therapy to minimize tissue damage." 12/01/2020 - "Adjuvant pharmacological and surgical therapy for testicular torsion: Current state of the art."
2.	Transplantation 08/16/2011 - "The transplantation of EPCs is effective for treating the spermatogenic dysfunctions caused by testicular torsion so as to greatly enhance the spermatogenic functions." 01/01/2021 - "Intratesticular Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cell (hADSC) Transplantation Decreased Oxidative Stress in Testicular Torsion Model of Wistar Rat." 06/01/2016 - "Alteration of spermatogenesis following spermatogonial stem cells transplantation in testicular torsion-detorsion mice." 06/01/2016 - "SSCs transplantation could up-regulate the expression of pre- and post-meiotic genes in testicular ischemia, which resulted in improvement of both testicular function and structure after testicular torsion." 07/08/2014 - "Also Testicular torsion 2 weeks after the 2 hours ischemia reperfusion may prove useful for recipient preparation for SSCs transplantation in mouse."
3.	Orchiectomy (Orchidectomy) 09/01/2008 - "The right testis weight was significantly greater in both the testicular torsion and orchiectomy groups than in the normal control group of the 9-week-old rats (P < 0.01). " 12/01/2023 - "Cut-off time for surgery and prediction of orchiectomy in spermatic cord torsion: a retrospective multicentric study over 15 years." 01/01/2023 - "In this study, we retrospectively reassess the management of patients with testicular torsion in our center, and we ask the question, from a retrospective point of view, of whether the decision to perform orchiectomy has always been correct. " 01/01/2022 - "The aim of this study was to evaluate 10 years of experience with testicular torsion, point out our pitfalls in diagnosis and management, determine our likelihood of performing orchiectomy for potentially reversible injury. " 08/01/2019 - "The objective of this study was to determine whether point-of-care (community hospitals vs. tertiary centers) or treatment-delaying variables (transfer, emergency room [ER] throughput, and distance traveled) affect orchiectomy rates in minors with testicular torsion (TT) using a national database. "
4.	Orchiopexy 03/01/2013 - "On the basis of these results it may be concluded that eversion orchidopexy can be considered to be a safe and effective method for the prophylaxis of recurrent testicular torsion in comparison to alternative methods." 06/10/2022 - "A BURST-BAUS consensus document for best practice in the conduct of scrotal exploration for suspected testicular torsion: the Finding consensus for orchIdopeXy In Torsion (FIX-IT) study." 02/01/2005 - "[Clinical study of unilateral intravaginal testicular torsion and anatomicalcomparative study of bilateral testes in orchiopexy]." 08/30/1999 - "The aim of the study was to examine the recommendations for prophylactic contralateral orchiopexy in patients presenting with unilateral testicular torsion in Denmark. " 08/01/2023 - "Thirteen of the 23 patients (56.5%) who underwent POCUS had intraoperative findings consistent with acute testicular torsion, whereas another 3 patients (13.0%) required manual detorsion in the PED before orchiopexy. "
5.	Anesthesia 07/01/2015 - "Diagnosis of cardiac tamponade with transesophageal echocardiography following the induction of anesthesia for suspected testicular torsion." 04/01/2019 - "Under anesthesia, 6-8-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent sham-operation or testicular torsion by fixing left testis rotated at 720° for 2 h. " 01/01/2018 - "Under anesthesia, male Sprague-Dawley rats (180-230 g; n = 24) had sham-operation or they underwent testicular torsion by rotating the left testis 720° and fixing it for 2 h, followed by a 2-h detorsion. " 05/01/1994 - "Transperitoneal left testicular torsion at 360 degrees was carried out to 14 weeks-old ddY mice under ether anesthesia. " 11/01/2006 - "Testicular torsion/detorsion in rats with thiopental anesthesia (group 2) caused significantly greater histopathologic injury levels than rats with propofol anesthesia (group 4). "