Smallpox (Variola)

An acute, highly contagious, often fatal infectious disease caused by an orthopoxvirus characterized by a biphasic febrile course and distinctive progressive skin eruptions. Vaccination has succeeded in eradicating smallpox worldwide. (Dorland, 28th ed)

Also Known As:

Networked: 2056 relevant articles (204 outcomes, 189 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Infections
2.	Mpox (monkeypox)
3.	Vaccinia
4.	Poliomyelitis (Polio)
5.	Smallpox (Variola)

Experts

1.	Poland, Gregory A: 29 articles (01/2022 - 06/2003)
2.	Damon, Inger K: 26 articles (04/2022 - 06/2004)
3.	Hruby, Dennis E: 21 articles (01/2021 - 11/2004)
4.	Ovsyannikova, Inna G: 20 articles (01/2022 - 11/2005)
5.	Kennedy, Richard B: 17 articles (01/2022 - 05/2009)
6.	Olson, Victoria A: 17 articles (02/2021 - 07/2006)
7.	Smith, Geoffrey L: 17 articles (01/2020 - 02/2003)
8.	Moss, Bernard: 16 articles (01/2022 - 08/2003)
9.	Shchelkunov, S N: 16 articles (10/2020 - 01/2000)
10.	Frey, Sharon E: 15 articles (10/2015 - 10/2005)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Smallpox:

1.	VaccinesIBA 12/01/2021 - "Smallpox is the most likely agent to vaccinate against as there is already a working vaccine that has proven effective and the issue at hand is the need for a larger stockpile. " 12/01/2009 - "Here, we review the history of smallpox vaccines and recent achievements in the development of highly efficacious and safer vaccines and vaccine applications. " 01/01/2015 - "The authors estimated that i) the likelihood of a smallpox outbreak in Denmark is very low (one event in 200,000 years), ii) the expected efficacy of currently available and new vaccines is 95 and 75 percent, respectively, iii) the expected frequency of serious side effects from vaccination is between 100 and 10,000 fold lower for new than for existing vaccines, depending on modes of action. " 11/22/2004 - "These finding may have important implications both in our understanding of poxvirus pathogenesis and in the development of improved smallpox vaccines." 01/01/2023 - "Smallpox vaccines demonstrated high efficacy against MPXVs in the past and are considered a crucial outbreak control measure. "
2.	Antiviral Agents (Antivirals)IBA 01/01/2012 - "The current study evaluated the maintenance of virus-specific immunity after smallpox vaccination by conducting a non-randomized, cross-sectional analysis of antiviral antibody-mediated immune responses in volunteers examined 30-55 years after vaccination. " 08/01/2008 - "There is a lack of effective antiviral drugs for the treatment of smallpox and, as a result, a number of viral as well as host targets are being explored in preclinical and clinical studies to assess their efficacy as potential therapeutic agents. " 04/01/2006 - "Since smallpox is no longer endemic, human clinical trials designed to link antiviral efficacy to clinical outcome have been supplanted by antiviral efficacy evaluations in animal models of orthopoxvirus disease. " 08/01/2004 - "Recent studies on immunity following smallpox vaccination demonstrate that T-cell memory declines steadily with a half-life of 8-15 years, whereas antiviral antibody responses are maintained for up to 75 years without appreciable decline. " 02/01/1974 - "[Study of the antiviral activity of marborane and its analogs in experimental smallpox in rabbits]."
3.	tecovirimatIBA 12/01/2013 - "Tecovirimat appears to be an effective smallpox therapeutic in nonhuman primates, suggesting that it is reasonably likely to provide therapeutic benefit in smallpox-infected humans. " 12/20/2022 - "Currently approved by the FDA only for the treatment of smallpox, tecovirimat shows promise for the treatment of HMPXV. " 12/01/2013 - "In this study, the efficacy of tecovirimat was evaluated in both a prelesional and postlesional setting in nonhuman primates challenged intravenously with 1 × 10(8) PFU of Variola virus (VARV; the causative agent of smallpox), a model for smallpox disease in humans. " 01/01/2019 - "Assessing a drug for an eradicated human disease: US Food and Drug Administration review of tecovirimat for the treatment of smallpox." 12/01/2013 - "Efficacy of tecovirimat (ST-246) in nonhuman primates infected with variola virus (Smallpox)."
4.	brincidofovirIBA 02/17/2021 - "Correction for Hutson et al., "Pharmacokinetics and Efficacy of a Potential Smallpox Therapeutic, Brincidofovir, in a Lethal Monkeypox Virus Animal Model"." 01/01/2021 - "Pharmacokinetics and Efficacy of a Potential Smallpox Therapeutic, Brincidofovir, in a Lethal Monkeypox Virus Animal Model." 01/01/2021 - "Our paper details the efficacy of the investigational smallpox drug brincidofovir in a monkeypox virus (MPXV) animal model. " 01/01/2021 - "Since brincidofovir has not been tested in vivo against smallpox, studies with the related virus MPXV are critical in understanding whether it would be protective in the event of a smallpox outbreak." 03/01/2015 - "Whole-body bioluminescence imaging was used to study the effect of brincidofovir (BCV) in normal and immune-deficient (nu/nu) mice infected with vaccinia virus, a model of smallpox. "
5.	Biological Warfare AgentsIBA 03/22/2005 - "Although eradicated from nature more than two decades ago, the threat of smallpox has reemerged because of concerns over its use as a biological weapon. " 05/01/2011 - "Naturally occurring smallpox has been eradicated, yet it remains as one of the highest priority pathogens due to its potential as a biological weapon. " 12/17/2002 - "Smallpox was eradicated worldwide in 1977, but knowledge of the disease is essential because its cause, variola virus, is considered a potential biological weapon." 01/01/2020 - "Smallpox, caused by variola virus, was eradicated in 1980, but remains a category A bioterrorism agent. " 01/01/2018 - "Globally eradicated in 1980, smallpox is listed as a category A bioterrorism agent. "
6.	Smallpox Vaccine (Vaccine, Smallpox)FDA Link 09/01/2004 - "The smallpox vaccine, which is highly effective in preventing the spread of both these orthopoxvirus infectious illnesses, might be administered to numerous health care workers and, in the event of a smallpox attack, millions of other citizens. " 02/05/2008 - "As a result of the successful eradication of smallpox with the vaccinia virus (VACV), the general population is no longer required to receive a smallpox vaccine, and will have no protection against smallpox. " 10/01/2005 - "The only effective treatment for smallpox is rapid administration of smallpox vaccine." 03/01/2004 - "While the disease was completely eradicated by 1980 with successful use of smallpox vaccine, concern has been raised that smallpox may emerge as a tool of bioterrorism. " 01/30/2003 - "The majority believe that there is an effective treatment for smallpox, that there have been cases of smallpox in the past five years, and that there is not enough smallpox vaccine to vaccinate everyone in the United States. "
7.	Cidofovir (Vistide)FDA Link 12/01/2006 - "Cidofovir (CDV) is an effective drug against viruses of the Orthopoxviridae family and is active in vitro against variola virus, the cause of smallpox. " 03/23/2002 - "Orally available cidofovir derivative active against smallpox." 01/01/2003 - "At the present time only cidofovir is approved for use in the emergency treatment of smallpox outbreaks. " 06/01/2002 - "The results suggest that aerosolized cidofovir would be effective for prophylaxis or early post-exposure therapy of human smallpox or monkeypox virus infection." 03/01/2005 - "Drugs that have been approved for other indications, like cidofovir, could be approved for the treatment of orthopoxvirus infections in a timely manner, and this compound has already been approved for emergency treatment of smallpox and complications from vaccination. "
8.	AntigensIBA 07/01/1968 - "[Can protection against smallpox be achieved with vaccina antigen? " 09/01/1964 - "I. STUDY OF SMALLPOX AND VACCINIA VIRUS SOLUBLE ANTIGENS]." 11/01/2012 - "We describe a cohort of four subjects who received smallpox vaccination, and a single subject who received multiple vaccinations, with antibody levels to unrelated antigens monitored for 1-3 years. " 09/01/2007 - "To determine the functional status of antigen specific CD8+ T cells in healthy participants before and 4 weeks after prophylactic vaccination (Lister strain) against smallpox using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). " 11/01/2006 - "Quantification of antibody responses against multiple antigens of the two infectious forms of Vaccinia virus provides a benchmark for smallpox vaccination."
9.	Immunoglobulins (Immunoglobulin)IBA 01/01/1973 - "[Studies of smallpox immunity acquired after revaccination, alone or associated with immunoglobulins]." 04/28/2019 - "This VC212 could serve as a valuable starting material for further development of VACV-neutralizing human immunoglobulin for a prophylactic measure against post-vaccination complications and for post-exposure treatment against smallpox." 09/01/2007 - "One or more of the MAbs were shown to reduce the spread of vaccinia virus as well as variola virus (the causative agent of smallpox) in vitro and to more effectively protect mice when administered before or 2 days after intranasal challenge with virulent vaccinia virus than a previously isolated mouse anti-A33 MAb (1G10) or vaccinia virus immunoglobulin. " 01/01/1980 - "Immunoglobulin levels in the blood serum of children developing neurological complications after immunization against smallpox." 01/01/1974 - "[Immunoglobulins in subjects revaccinated against smallpox]."
10.	3- (2- methoxyphenyl)- 5- methoxy- 1,3,4- oxadiazol- 2(3H)- oneIBA 12/01/2023 - "The emergence of human mpox is intertwined with the eradication of smallpox and the cessation of the global smallpox vaccination campaign. " 12/01/2023 - "Emergence of mpox in the post-smallpox era-a narrative review on mpox epidemiology." 11/23/2023 - "While human mpox resembles smallpox in clinical presentation, there are considerable knowledge gaps regarding conservation of molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis between these two human orthopoxviruses. " 11/03/2023 - "Dose-sparing smallpox intradermal vaccination was accompanied by a sharp decrease in mpox incidence in both populations (p < 0.0001). " 10/27/2023 - "Orthopoxviruses (OPVs), including the causative agents of smallpox and mpox have led to devastating outbreaks in human populations worldwide. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 01/01/2021 - "Smallpox, caused by Variola virus (VARV), was eradicated in 1980; however, VARV bioterrorist threats still exist, necessitating readily available therapeutics. " 09/01/2010 - "The genetic similarity of ectromelia virus to variola and monkeypox viruses, the common features of the resulting disease, and the convenience of the mouse as a laboratory animal underscores its utility in the study of orthopoxvirus pathogenesis and in the development of therapeutics and prophylactics. " 09/01/2003 - "There is no effective therapy for smallpox and studies of new treatments are underway." 09/01/2003 - "In addition, these studies may also assist in the development of targeted therapies for the treatment of both smallpox and human immune-related diseases." 01/01/1956 - "[Smallpox vaccination as a suggestion for prevention and therapy of other diseases; historical study]."
2.	Immunotherapy 09/01/2007 - "These chimpanzee/human anti-A33 MAbs may be useful in the prevention and treatment of vaccinia virus-induced complications of vaccination against smallpox and may also be effective in the immunoprophylaxis and immunotherapy of smallpox and other orthopoxvirus diseases." 02/07/2006 - "These chimpanzee/human anti-B5 mAbs may be useful in the prevention and treatment of vaccinia virus-induced complications of vaccination against smallpox and may also be effective in the immunoprophylaxis and immunotherapy of smallpox." 05/01/2015 - "Vaccinia virus (VACV) continues to be used in immunotherapy for the prevention of infectious diseases and treatment of cancer since its use for the eradication of smallpox. " 10/01/1956 - "[Attempted immunotherapy of smallpox and immunoprevention of typhus fever practiced at Cocard Hospital in 1941]." 07/01/2013 - "Despite its eradication over 30 years ago, smallpox (as well as other orthopox viruses) remains a pathogen of interest both in terms of biodefense and for its use as a vector for vaccines and immunotherapies. "
3.	Chinese Traditional Medicine (Traditional Chinese Medicine) 04/01/2002 - "During the Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, physicians continually revised and supplied their therapeutic methods and started the academic contending in almost all fields of pediatrics, including therapeutic opinion for measles and smallpox, exogenous pathogenic diseases of children, miscellaneous diseases of children etc., which improved the further research on basic theory of pediatrics, such as constitution, physiological and pathological characteristics of children, and also pushed forward the academic development of pediatrics of traditional Chinese medicine." 04/01/2023 - "Since traditional Chinese medicine already embraced the use of cowpox for protection against smallpox, they advocated using acupuncture instead of western instruments in order to expand the influence of traditional Chinese medicine. " 06/30/2010 - "5) 17th-19th centuries: the formation of medicinal ingredient markets; the spread of pharmacies throughout the provinces; a vogue for Ming Chinese medical texts; veneration for the Treasured Mirror of Eastern Medicine; the emergence of a positivistic stance toward medical research; a vogue for experiential remedies; interest in Western medicine; compilation of several medical texts on measles; criticism of Chinese traditional medicine and/or Korean traditional medicine; the spread of variolation; attempts to introduce smallpox vaccination ; Korean-Japanese medical exchange through the dispatch of Korean goodwill missions to Japan; a great vogue for the Treasured Mirror of Eastern Medicine in both China and Japan; the emergence of independent medical texts on acupuncture; the successful cultivation and massive export of ginseng; and the birth of the Sasang (4-type) constitutional typology, a native medical tradition."
4.	Contraindications 01/01/1975 - "[Immunological efficacy of smallpox vaccination in children with relative contraindications to vaccination]." 01/01/2016 - "Medical parameters correlating with contraindications to smallpox vaccination were retrieved from army databases, and were categorized by severity according to the Israeli post-event strategy. " 02/20/2015 - "Such persons will be defined by public health authorities and should be screened for relative contraindications to smallpox vaccination. " 02/20/2015 - "No absolute contraindications exist for smallpox vaccination in a postevent setting. " 09/01/2011 - "Countermeasures and vaccination against terrorism using smallpox: pre-event and post-event smallpox vaccination and its contraindications."
5.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 09/01/1941 - "A Case of Confluent Smallpox: Treatment-Chemotherapy." 03/01/1969 - "Chemoprophylaxis and chemotherapy in variola major. " 03/01/1969 - "Chemoprophylaxis and chemotherapy in variola major. " 05/15/2010 - "In a case-control study, 67 patients with breast cancer who received cytotoxic chemotherapy and who were disease free for at least 1 year were matched with healthy controls according to age, sex, and the number of smallpox vaccinations received. " 05/15/2010 - "Immunity to smallpox is reduced after receipt of chemotherapy for breast cancer. "