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Smallpox (Variola)

An acute, highly contagious, often fatal infectious disease caused by an orthopoxvirus characterized by a biphasic febrile course and distinctive progressive skin eruptions. Vaccination has succeeded in eradicating smallpox worldwide. (Dorland, 28th ed)

Also Known As:

Variola; Minor, Variola; Minors, Variola; Variola Minors; Variolas; Alastrim; Variola Minor

Networked: 860 relevant articles (66 outcomes, 88 trials/studies) for this Disease, Comments

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Virus Diseases: 1363
- DNA Virus Infections: 26
  - Poxviridae Infections: 72
    - Smallpox: 860

Related Diseases

1.	Vaccinia
2.	Infection
3.	Smallpox (Variola)
4.	Poliomyelitis (Polio)
5.	Measles

Experts

1.	Moss, Bernard: 11 articles (08/2008 - 08/2003)
2.	Damon, Inger K: 10 articles (05/2010 - 06/2004)
3.	Poland, Gregory A: 10 articles (12/2009 - 10/2003)
4.	Golding, Hana: 9 articles (09/2009 - 08/2003)
5.	Edwards, Kathryn M: 9 articles (07/2008 - 02/2004)
6.	Hruby, Dennis E: 8 articles (01/2010 - 10/2007)
7.	Merchlinsky, Michael: 8 articles (01/2010 - 08/2003)
8.	Weir, Jerry P: 7 articles (01/2010 - 09/2005)
9.	Meseda, Clement A: 7 articles (01/2010 - 09/2005)
10.	Manischewitz, Jody: 7 articles (09/2009 - 08/2003)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Smallpox:

1.	VaccinesIBA 01/01/2004 - "These finding may have important implications both in our understanding of poxvirus pathogenesis and in the development of improved smallpox vaccines." 02/21/2009 - "Live attenuated or inactivated bacteria and viruses have formed the basis of many successful vaccines, including those that have eliminated smallpox and have almost eliminated poliovirus. " 07/01/2007 - "These studies highlight the heterogeneity between VACV strains and provide a basis to better understand differences in safety and efficacy of smallpox vaccines." 01/01/2008 - "Knowledge of the long-term response to smallpox vaccination may lead to a better understanding of poxvirus immunity and may aid in the development of new improved vaccines and diagnostic tools." 11/17/2006 - "The frequency of moderate to severe adverse reactions associated with smallpox vaccines currently stockpiled in the US, and the continued threat of bioterrorism have prompted the development of effective vaccines with improved safety profiles. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
2.	Smallpox VaccineIBA 09/01/2004 - "The smallpox vaccine, which is highly effective in preventing the spread of both these orthopoxvirus infectious illnesses, might be administered to numerous health care workers and, in the event of a smallpox attack, millions of other citizens. " 02/05/2008 - "As a result of the successful eradication of smallpox with the vaccinia virus (VACV), the general population is no longer required to receive a smallpox vaccine, and will have no protection against smallpox. " 10/01/2005 - "The only effective treatment for smallpox is rapid administration of smallpox vaccine." 03/01/2004 - "While the disease was completely eradicated by 1980 with successful use of smallpox vaccine, concern has been raised that smallpox may emerge as a tool of bioterrorism. " 01/01/1979 - "However, it took an additional 180 years until the current smallpox vaccine--a modification of Jenner's vaccine--became fully effective, in terms of quality and usage during the global smallpox eradication campaign. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
3.	AntigensIBA 07/01/1968 - "[Can protection against smallpox be achieved with vaccina antigen? " 09/01/1964 - "I. STUDY OF SMALLPOX AND VACCINIA VIRUS SOLUBLE ANTIGENS.]" 09/01/2007 - "OBJECTIVE: To determine the functional status of antigen specific CD8+ T cells in healthy participants before and 4 weeks after prophylactic vaccination (Lister strain) against smallpox using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). " 11/01/2006 - "Quantification of antibody responses against multiple antigens of the two infectious forms of Vaccinia virus provides a benchmark for smallpox vaccination." 07/15/2006 - "We report the identification of a novel human leukocyte antigen-A0201-restricted epitope (J8R(11-19)) within A55R of vaccinia virus (VV) that is conserved in J8R of smallpox virus variola major. " Order ALL the reference details at left...*
4.	cidofovir (Vistide)FDA Link 07/01/2004 - "Proof-of-concept studies suggest that current defences against smallpox could be strengthened by supplementing vaccination with antiviral drug prophylaxis, based on aerosolized or orally available forms of the long-acting medication cidofovir. " 12/01/2006 - "Cidofovir (CDV) is an effective drug against viruses of the Orthopoxviridae family and is active in vitro against variola virus, the cause of smallpox. " 02/09/2006 - "These data show that adequate preparedness for a biological threat involving smallpox should include the possibility of treating exposed individuals with antiviral compounds such as cidofovir or other selective anti-poxvirus drugs." 03/23/2002 - "Orally available cidofovir derivative active against smallpox." 01/01/2003 - "At the present time only cidofovir is approved for use in the emergency treatment of smallpox outbreaks. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
5.	Methisazone (Metisazone)IBA 11/01/1971 - "Field trials of methisazone as a prophylactic agent against smallpox." 09/01/1970 - "[A trial of the preventive effect of methisazone upon smallpox vaccination of children with relative contraindications]" 03/01/2005 - "Methisazone is an effective compound against variola and vaccinia viruses. " 01/01/2003 - "One of the derivatives, methisazone, was even investigated in the prophylaxis of smallpox. " 04/01/1983 - "Because of the eradication of smallpox, methisazone has become obsolete as a prophylactic agent in smallpox." Order ALL the reference details at left...
6.	DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)IBA 07/20/2008 - "Heterogeneity in the A33 protein impacts the cross-protective efficacy of a candidate smallpox DNA vaccine." 07/01/2006 - "STUDY DESIGN: A TaqMan-based assay (E9L-NVAR) targets the orthopoxvirus DNA polymerase gene and detects Eurasian orthopoxviruses other than Variola. " 06/06/2007 - "We found that 4 of 202 blood specimens (from 3 of 27 smallpox vaccinees) were positive for vaccinia virus DNA by PCR; none were positive for virus by culture. " 02/26/2007 - "Smallpox DNA vaccine delivered by novel skin electroporation device protects mice against intranasal poxvirus challenge." 05/01/2006 - "The risk of a bioterrorist attack with smallpox has increased owing to breakthroughs in the de novo synthesis of long-chain DNA molecules. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
7.	AntibodiesIBA 09/01/1966 - "[Study of the dynamics of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies after repeated smallpox vaccination]" 11/01/2005 - "The experiments could reveal the antibodies that bound alastrim strains more effectively that did other VV strains. " 11/01/2005 - "Prevalence of antibodies to Vaccinia virus after smallpox vaccination in Italy." 01/01/2004 - "Furthermore, all selected antibodies were assayed for binding with major alastrim strains of the live variola virus. " 01/01/1986 - "The schizophrenic patients had a statistically significant elevation in the titres of anti-smallpox antibodies. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
8.	EpitopesIBA 08/01/2007 - "Assuming that B6 contains similar variola virus-specific epitopes, our data suggest that a subunit vaccine using the variola virus homologues might exhibit improved protective efficacy against smallpox." 08/06/2009 - "Comparison with other orthopoxvirus sequences revealed that 12 of these epitopes are strictly conserved between VACV, variola, and monkeypoxvirus. " 01/01/2008 - "Eight epitopes were confirmed to stimulate IFN-gamma release by T cells in smallpox-vaccinated subjects. " 01/01/2008 - "MHC-I-restricted epitopes conserved among variola and other related orthopoxviruses are recognized by T cells 30 years after vaccination." 08/01/2007 - "Long-term T cell memory to human leucocyte antigen-A2 supertype epitopes in humans vaccinated against smallpox." Order ALL the reference details at left...
9.	ST-246IBA 01/12/2010 - "These findings suggest that ST-246 may be effective in controlling smallpox or other pathogenic orthopoxviruses in some immunodeficient human populations for whom the vaccine is contraindicated." 08/01/2008 - "In this study, we showed that administration of the antiviral compound ST-246 to rabbits by oral gavage, once daily for 14 days beginning 1h postexposure (p.e.), resulted in 100% survival in a lethal aerosolized rabbitpox model used as a surrogate for smallpox. " 12/01/2009 - "Taken together, these data suggest that ST-246 would play a dual protective role if used during a smallpox bioterrorist attack. " 12/01/2009 - "Treatment with ST-246, a small-molecule inhibitor of virus egress, has been shown to provide protection against severe disease and death induced by several members of the poxvirus family, including vaccinia, variola, and monkeypox viruses. " 03/01/2010 - "Tecovirimat, a p37 envelope protein inhibitor for the treatment of smallpox infection." Order ALL the reference details at left...
10.	DryVax vaccineIBA 08/01/2007 - "However, the currently licensed Dryvax vaccine, despite its documented efficacy in eradicating smallpox, is not optimal for the vaccination of contemporary populations with large numbers of individuals with immunodeficiencies because of severe adverse effects that can occur in such individuals. " 11/15/2003 - "These data show that immunological memory to DryVax vaccine is long-lived and may contribute to protection against smallpox." 01/24/2008 - "The potential use of smallpox as an agent of bioterrorism has renewed interest in the development of a modern vaccine capable of replacing the standard Dryvax vaccine. " 03/15/2007 - "BACKGROUND: When the decision was made to prepare for a deliberate release of smallpox, the United States had approximately 15 million doses of Wyeth Dryvax vaccine, which was known to induce significant morbidity when used undiluted; Sanofi Pasteur, Inc., later identified approximately 85 million additional doses in storage. " 08/01/1996 - "Five triple-plaque purified vaccinia virus (VV) lines generated from smallpox Sevac VARIE vaccine (strain Praha) and three VV virus lines similarly derived from Wyeth DRYVAX vaccine were used for preparation of recombinants expressing the hepatitis B virus preS2-S gene. " Order ALL the reference details at left...

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Immunotherapy 09/01/2007 - "These chimpanzee/human anti-A33 MAbs may be useful in the prevention and treatment of vaccinia virus-induced complications of vaccination against smallpox and may also be effective in the immunoprophylaxis and immunotherapy of smallpox and other orthopoxvirus diseases." 02/07/2006 - "These chimpanzee/human anti-B5 mAbs may be useful in the prevention and treatment of vaccinia virus-induced complications of vaccination against smallpox and may also be effective in the immunoprophylaxis and immunotherapy of smallpox." 03/01/2004 - "Vaccinia virus (VV) has been effectively utilized as a live vaccine against smallpox as well as a vector for vaccine development and immunotherapy. " 10/01/1956 - "[Attempted immunotherapy of smallpox and immunoprevention of typhus fever practiced at Cocard Hospital in 1941.]" Order ALL the reference details at left...
2.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 03/01/1969 - "Chemoprophylaxis and chemotherapy in variola major. " 03/01/1969 - "Chemoprophylaxis and chemotherapy in variola major. " 05/15/2010 - "METHODS: In a case-control study, 67 patients with breast cancer who received cytotoxic chemotherapy and who were disease free for at least 1 year were matched with healthy controls according to age, sex, and the number of smallpox vaccinations received. " 05/15/2010 - "CONCLUSIONS: Immunity to smallpox is reduced after receipt of chemotherapy for breast cancer. " 01/01/1962 - "The chemotherapy of variola major infection." Order ALL the reference details at left...
3.	Occlusive Dressings (Occlusive Dressing) 05/01/2004 - "BACKGROUND: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends a semipermeable occlusive dressing for hospital workers who receive smallpox vaccination. " 02/15/2004 - "After smallpox vaccination, inoculation sites were covered with 2 occlusive dressings. " 02/15/2004 - "The rate of vaccinia recovery outside occlusive bandages covering smallpox vaccination sites was remarkably low, suggesting excellent protection against inadvertent transmission." 11/01/2006 - "Use of an occlusive bandage with a gauze lining is the best choice for coverage of smallpox vaccination sites because of a reduced potential for vaccinia transmission and a lower reactogenicity rate. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
4.	Intradermal Injections 12/01/1987 - "Each patient received a smallpox booster injection followed one week later by the first of 13 weekly intradermal injections of 2.0 mg of VMO. " 02/01/1983 - "The most informative and reproducible laboratory methods for evaluating the provisory antigenic and immunogenic potency of smallpox vaccines are the evaluation of the character of lesions developing in rabbits as a result of the intradermal injection of the virus and the determination of the capacity of the virus for multiplication in the skin of a rabbit (reproduction). " 01/01/2009 - "Extensive clinical experience with smallpox, TB, and other vaccines has shown that vaccine delivery into the skin using conventional intradermal injection is generally safe and effective and often elicits the same immune responses at lower doses compared to intramuscular injection. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
5.	Chinese Traditional Medicine (Traditional Chinese Medicine) 04/01/2002 - "During the Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, physicians continually revised and supplied their therapeutic methods and started the academic contending in almost all fields of pediatrics, including therapeutic opinion for measles and smallpox, exogenous pathogenic diseases of children, miscellaneous diseases of children etc., which improved the further research on basic theory of pediatrics, such as constitution, physiological and pathological characteristics of children, and also pushed forward the academic development of pediatrics of traditional Chinese medicine." 06/01/2010 - "5) 17th-19th centuries: the formation of medicinal ingredient markets; the spread of pharmacies throughout the provinces; a vogue for Ming Chinese medical texts; veneration for the Treasured Mirror of Eastern Medicine; the emergence of a positivistic stance toward medical research; a vogue for experiential remedies; interest in Western medicine; compilation of several medical texts on measles; criticism of Chinese traditional medicine and/or Korean traditional medicine; the spread of variolation; attempts to introduce smallpox vaccination ; Korean-Japanese medical exchange through the dispatch of Korean goodwill missions to Japan; a great vogue for the Treasured Mirror of Eastern Medicine in both China and Japan; the emergence of independent medical texts on acupuncture; the successful cultivation and massive export of ginseng; and the birth of the Sasang (4-type) constitutional typology, a native medical tradition." Order ALL the reference details at left...

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