Smallpox (Variola)

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814 relevant articles (61 outcomes, 82 trials/studies) found for this Disease

Description: An acute, highly contagious, often fatal infectious disease caused by an orthopoxvirus characterized by a biphasic febrile course and distinctive progressive skin eruptions. Vaccination has succeeded in eradicating smallpox worldwide. (Dorland, 28th ed)

Also Known As:

Variola; Minor, Variola; Minors, Variola; Variola Minors; Variolas; Alastrim; Variola Minor

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Virus Diseases: 1313

DNA Virus Infections: 22

Poxviridae Infections: 64

Smallpox: 814

Related Diseases

1.	Vaccinia
2.	Infection
3.	Smallpox (Variola)
4.	Poliomyelitis (Polio)
5.	Measles

Experts

1.	Damon, Inger K: 3 articles (05/2007 - 06/2004)
2.	Poland, Gregory A: 3 articles (03/2007 - 10/2003)
3.	Artenstein, Andrew W: 2 articles (10/2008 - 07/2008)
4.	Liszewski, M Kathryn: 2 articles (09/2008 - 03/2006)
5.	Atkinson, John P: 2 articles (09/2008 - 03/2006)
6.	Bertram, Paula: 2 articles (09/2008 - 03/2006)
7.	Hauhart, Richard: 2 articles (09/2008 - 03/2006)
8.	Leung, Marilyn K: 2 articles (09/2008 - 03/2006)
9.	Hooper, Jay W: 2 articles (07/2008 - 02/2007)
10.	Golden, Joseph W: 2 articles (07/2008 - 02/2007)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Smallpox:

1.	VaccinesIBA 01/01/2004 - "These finding may have important implications both in our understanding of poxvirus pathogenesis and in the development of improved smallpox vaccines." 07/01/2007 - "These studies highlight the heterogeneity between VACV strains and provide a basis to better understand differences in safety and efficacy of smallpox vaccines." 01/01/2008 - "Knowledge of the long-term response to smallpox vaccination may lead to a better understanding of poxvirus immunity and may aid in the development of new improved vaccines and diagnostic tools." 11/17/2006 - "The frequency of moderate to severe adverse reactions associated with smallpox vaccines currently stockpiled in the US, and the continued threat of bioterrorism have prompted the development of effective vaccines with improved safety profiles" 01/01/2007 - "BACKGROUND: Smallpox was eradicated by 1980, but its possible use as a bioweapon has rekindled interest in the development of protective vaccines" Order ALL the reference details at left...
2.	Smallpox VaccineIBA 09/01/2004 - "The smallpox vaccine, which is highly effective in preventing the spread of both these orthopoxvirus infectious illnesses, might be administered to numerous health care workers and, in the event of a smallpox attack, millions of other citizens" 02/05/2008 - "As a result of the successful eradication of smallpox with the vaccinia virus (VACV), the general population is no longer required to receive a smallpox vaccine, and will have no protection against smallpox" 10/01/2005 - "The only effective treatment for smallpox is rapid administration of smallpox vaccine." 03/01/2004 - "While the disease was completely eradicated by 1980 with successful use of smallpox vaccine, concern has been raised that smallpox may emerge as a tool of bioterrorism" 01/01/1979 - "However, it took an additional 180 years until the current smallpox vaccine--a modification of Jenner's vaccine--became fully effective, in terms of quality and usage during the global smallpox eradication campaign" Order ALL the reference details at left...
3.	AntigensIBA 07/01/1968 - "Can protection against smallpox be achieved with vaccina antigen" 09/01/1964 - "I. STUDY OF SMALLPOX AND VACCINIA VIRUS SOLUBLE ANTIGENS.]" 09/01/2007 - "OBJECTIVE: To determine the functional status of antigen specific CD8+ T cells in healthy participants before and 4 weeks after prophylactic vaccination (Lister strain) against smallpox using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR)" 11/01/2006 - "Quantification of antibody responses against multiple antigens of the two infectious forms of Vaccinia virus provides a benchmark for smallpox vaccination." 07/15/2006 - "We report the identification of a novel human leukocyte antigen-A0201-restricted epitope (J8R(11-19)) within A55R of vaccinia virus (VV) that is conserved in J8R of smallpox virus variola major" Order ALL the reference details at left...*
4.	cidofovir (Vistide)FDA Link 07/01/2004 - "Proof-of-concept studies suggest that current defences against smallpox could be strengthened by supplementing vaccination with antiviral drug prophylaxis, based on aerosolized or orally available forms of the long-acting medication cidofovir" 12/01/2006 - "Cidofovir (CDV) is an effective drug against viruses of the Orthopoxviridae family and is active in vitro against variola virus, the cause of smallpox" 02/09/2006 - "These data show that adequate preparedness for a biological threat involving smallpox should include the possibility of treating exposed individuals with antiviral compounds such as cidofovir or other selective anti-poxvirus drugs." 03/23/2002 - "Orally available cidofovir derivative active against smallpox." 01/01/2003 - "At the present time only cidofovir is approved for use in the emergency treatment of smallpox outbreaks" Order ALL the reference details at left...
5.	AntibodiesIBA 09/01/1966 - "Study of the dynamics of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies after repeated smallpox vaccination]" 03/01/2008 - "The detection of neutralizing antibodies against vaccinia virus is a valuable tool for the investigation of previous smallpox vaccination" 02/19/2007 - "Detectable smallpox-neutralizing antibodies are still present among US adults" 11/01/2005 - "The experiments could reveal the antibodies that bound alastrim strains more effectively that did other VV strains" 11/01/2005 - "Prevalence of antibodies to Vaccinia virus after smallpox vaccination in Italy." Order ALL the reference details at left...
6.	Methisazone (Metisazone)IBA 11/01/1971 - "Field trials of methisazone as a prophylactic agent against smallpox." 09/01/1970 - "A trial of the preventive effect of methisazone upon smallpox vaccination of children with relative contraindications]" 02/08/1964 - "CONTROLLED TRIAL OF MARBORAN ON GROUP VACCINATED AGAINST SMALLPOX." 03/01/2005 - "Methisazone is an effective compound against variola and vaccinia viruses" 01/01/2003 - "One of the derivatives, methisazone, was even investigated in the prophylaxis of smallpox" Order ALL the reference details at left...
7.	DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)IBA 07/20/2008 - "Heterogeneity in the A33 protein impacts the cross-protective efficacy of a candidate smallpox DNA vaccine." 07/01/2006 - "STUDY DESIGN: A TaqMan-based assay (E9L-NVAR) targets the orthopoxvirus DNA polymerase gene and detects Eurasian orthopoxviruses other than Variola" 06/06/2007 - "We found that 4 of 202 blood specimens (from 3 of 27 smallpox vaccinees) were positive for vaccinia virus DNA by PCR; none were positive for virus by culture" 02/26/2007 - "Smallpox DNA vaccine delivered by novel skin electroporation device protects mice against intranasal poxvirus challenge." 05/01/2006 - "The risk of a bioterrorist attack with smallpox has increased owing to breakthroughs in the de novo synthesis of long-chain DNA molecules" Order ALL the reference details at left...
8.	T-Lymphocyte Epitopes (Epitopes, T Lymphocyte)IBA 03/01/2007 - "T-Cell epitope discovery for variola and vaccinia viruses." 07/01/2004 - "These results suggest that HRP2(74-82), which is shared between vaccinia and variola viruses, may be a CD8(+) T-cell epitope of vaccinia virus that will provide cross-protection against smallpox in HLA-A2.1-positive individuals, representing almost half the population." 07/01/2006 - "Identification of these CD8+ T-cell epitopes restricted by common HLA alleles will help to quantitate human CD8+ T-cell responses to licensed and experimental smallpox vaccines and to vaccinia virus vectors" 05/01/2006 - "These data confirm the utility of bioinformatics tools to select and design novel vaccines containing "immunogenic consensus sequence" T-cell epitopes for a globally relevant vaccine against HIV; a similar approach may also be useful for any pathogen that exhibits high variability (influenza, HCV, or variola for example)" 04/07/2003 - "Quantitation of CD8+ T cell responses to newly identified HLA-A0201-restricted T cell epitopes conserved among vaccinia and variola (smallpox) viruses." Order ALL the reference details at left...*
9.	DryVax vaccineIBA 08/01/2007 - "However, the currently licensed Dryvax vaccine, despite its documented efficacy in eradicating smallpox, is not optimal for the vaccination of contemporary populations with large numbers of individuals with immunodeficiencies because of severe adverse effects that can occur in such individuals" 11/15/2003 - "These data show that immunological memory to DryVax vaccine is long-lived and may contribute to protection against smallpox." 01/24/2008 - "The potential use of smallpox as an agent of bioterrorism has renewed interest in the development of a modern vaccine capable of replacing the standard Dryvax vaccine" 03/15/2007 - "BACKGROUND: When the decision was made to prepare for a deliberate release of smallpox, the United States had approximately 15 million doses of Wyeth Dryvax vaccine, which was known to induce significant morbidity when used undiluted; Sanofi Pasteur, Inc., later identified approximately 85 million additional doses in storage" 08/01/1996 - "Five triple-plaque purified vaccinia virus (VV) lines generated from smallpox Sevac VARIE vaccine (strain Praha) and three VV virus lines similarly derived from Wyeth DRYVAX vaccine were used for preparation of recombinants expressing the hepatitis B virus preS2-S gene" Order ALL the reference details at left...
10.	Proteins (Proteins, Gene)IBA 09/01/2003 - "Future studies of additional variola proteins may help illuminate factors associated with its virulence, pathogenesis and strict human tropism" 03/15/1993 - "The revealed differences between the genes (proteins) of variola and vaccinia viruses under study are discussed." 03/01/2005 - "Vaccine-induced alterations in levels of these prothrombotic proteins do not appear to play a role in ischemic events observed after smallpox vaccination." 03/01/2005 - "Smallpox vaccination does not elevate systemic levels of prothrombotic proteins associated with ischemic cardiac events." 09/01/2003 - "To date, only two variola proteins have been characterized" Order ALL the reference details at left...

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Immunotherapy 09/01/2007 - "These chimpanzee/human anti-A33 MAbs may be useful in the prevention and treatment of vaccinia virus-induced complications of vaccination against smallpox and may also be effective in the immunoprophylaxis and immunotherapy of smallpox and other orthopoxvirus diseases." 02/07/2006 - "These chimpanzee/human anti-B5 mAbs may be useful in the prevention and treatment of vaccinia virus-induced complications of vaccination against smallpox and may also be effective in the immunoprophylaxis and immunotherapy of smallpox." 03/01/2004 - "Vaccinia virus (VV) has been effectively utilized as a live vaccine against smallpox as well as a vector for vaccine development and immunotherapy" 10/01/1956 - "Attempted immunotherapy of smallpox and immunoprevention of typhus fever practiced at Cocard Hospital in 1941.]" Order ALL the reference details at left...
2.	Occlusive Dressings (Occlusive Dressing) 05/01/2004 - "BACKGROUND: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends a semipermeable occlusive dressing for hospital workers who receive smallpox vaccination" 02/15/2004 - "After smallpox vaccination, inoculation sites were covered with 2 occlusive dressings" 02/15/2004 - "The rate of vaccinia recovery outside occlusive bandages covering smallpox vaccination sites was remarkably low, suggesting excellent protection against inadvertent transmission." 11/01/2006 - "Use of an occlusive bandage with a gauze lining is the best choice for coverage of smallpox vaccination sites because of a reduced potential for vaccinia transmission and a lower reactogenicity rate" Order ALL the reference details at left...
3.	Dermabrasion 07/01/2005 - "Though most smallpox scar patients want smooth skin, it is difficult to achieve good results with dermabrasion or chemical peeling" 01/01/1974 - "Smallpox-induced scars: treatment by dermabrasion." Order ALL the reference details at left...
4.	Chinese Traditional Medicine (Traditional Chinese Medicine) 04/01/2002 - "During the Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, physicians continually revised and supplied their therapeutic methods and started the academic contending in almost all fields of pediatrics, including therapeutic opinion for measles and smallpox, exogenous pathogenic diseases of children, miscellaneous diseases of children etc., which improved the further research on basic theory of pediatrics, such as constitution, physiological and pathological characteristics of children, and also pushed forward the academic development of pediatrics of traditional Chinese medicine." Order ALL the reference details at left...
5.	First Aid (Aids, First) 01/01/2001 - "Some roads provided smallpox and typhoid vaccinations, campaigned against malaria, improved passenger-car sanitation, required physical examinations of their employees, and trained them in first aid" Order ALL the reference details at left...

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