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Hemorrhagic Shock

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Acute hemorrhage or excessive fluid loss resulting in HYPOVOLEMIA.

Also Known As:

Shock, Hemorrhagic

Networked: 3271 relevant articles (230 outcomes, 493 trials/studies) for this Disease, Comments

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Disease Context: Research Results

Signs and Symptoms Pathological Conditions
- Pathologic Processes: 2462
  - Hemorrhage: 52677
    - Hemorrhagic Shock: 3271
  - Shock: 29342
    - Hemorrhagic Shock: 3271

Related Diseases

1.	Wounds and Injuries (Trauma)
2.	Hemorrhage
3.	Reperfusion Injury
4.	Shock
5.	Lung Injury

Experts

1.	Chaudry, Irshad H: 58 articles (12/2009 - 01/2002)
2.	Bland, Kirby I: 47 articles (12/2009 - 01/2002)
3.	Deitch, Edwin A: 35 articles (01/2010 - 06/2002)
4.	Alam, Hasan B: 30 articles (03/2010 - 01/2002)
5.	Schwacha, Martin G: 29 articles (12/2009 - 01/2002)
6.	Fink, Mitchell P: 29 articles (09/2009 - 03/2002)
7.	Choudhry, Mashkoor A: 27 articles (01/2009 - 02/2005)
8.	Lu, Qi: 22 articles (08/2008 - 01/2002)
9.	Intaglietta, Marcos: 21 articles (06/2009 - 09/2002)
10.	Xu, Da-Zhong: 20 articles (01/2010 - 06/2002)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Hemorrhagic Shock:

1.	OxygenIBA 12/01/2006 - "In addition to its life-saving effect in hemorrhagic shock, transfusion of allogenic packed red blood cells can be beneficial in situations where a critically low hematocrit is contributing to a state of oxygen-supply dependency. " 01/01/2005 - "OBJECTIVE: To investigate the protective effects of oxygen therapy on gut barrier function of rabbits after hemorrhagic shock at high altitude. " 12/01/1991 - "Inhibition of free radical-induced lipid peroxidation appears more effective for attenuating free radical pathophysiology in hemorrhagic shock that attempting to inhibit specific pathways of oxygen radical generation." 04/01/1994 - "OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of a novel, oxygen-transporting perfluorochemical emulsion as a prehospital therapy, using a canine hemorrhagic shock model based on compromised tissue oxygenation. " 01/01/1990 - "In vivo results after therapy for hemorrhagic shock in minipigs clearly shows the efficacy of oxygen transport by PolyHb-PPa. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
2.	Hemoglobins (Hemoglobin)IBA 01/01/1992 - "Modified hemoglobins are effective in hemorrhagic shock. " 09/01/1996 - "The purpose of the present study was to assess the ability of an improved free hemoglobin based blood substitute to serve as a resuscitative fluid in the treatment of hemorrhagic shock. " 12/01/2006 - "The aim of the present study was to compare the hypoxic and inflammatory effects of transfusing hemoglobin-vesicles (HbV) or lactated Ringer's (LR) solution on several organs in a hemorrhagic shock model. " 06/19/2009 - "Pharmacokinetics of single and repeated injection of hemoglobin-vesicles in hemorrhagic shock rat model." 01/01/2009 - "Human polymerized hemoglobin for the treatment of hemorrhagic shock when blood is unavailable: the USA multicenter trial." Order ALL the reference details at left...
3.	Naloxone (Narcan)FDA LinkGeneric 02/01/1985 - "The beneficial effects of naloxone in hemorrhagic shock include increased blood flow to vital organs due to increased perfusion pressure which is secondary to improved cardiac performance." 11/01/1987 - "Two recent studies have demonstrated no improvement in hemodynamic parameters or survival following naloxone administration in hemorrhagic shock. " 09/01/1982 - "While the administration of naloxone to normal rats had no effect upon the circulation or cellular function, it improved the hemodynamic status of rats subjected to hemorrhagic shock, resulting in improved tissue perfusion. " 09/01/1980 - "Our results show that naloxone improved the hemodynamic and biochemical state of cats in hemorrhagic shock. " 06/01/1995 - "In order to study the clinical effects of naloxone on hemorrhagic shock, 21 patients with moderate hemorrhagic shock were randomly divided into two groups. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
4.	Dextrans (Dextran)FDA Link 10/01/2006 - "The objective of this study was to verify whether the association of dextran with 7.5% chloride solution would be advantageous in the immediate hemodynamic evaluation of controlled hemorrhagic shock in dogs. " 03/01/1999 - "METHODS: The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of hypertonic saline dextran (HSD) on the early leukocyte/endothelial interactions (intravital fluorescence microscopy) in a rat model of hemorrhagic shock (1 hour at mean arterial pressure of 40 mm Hg). " 12/01/1985 - "More studies are needed to document the safety of dextran in the clinical setting of hemorrhagic shock. " 05/01/1971 - "[Experimental studies in animals on the effectiveness of Dextran 75 (Longasteril) in hemorrhagic shock]" 04/01/2004 - "Hemorrhagic shock (HS) was induced by withdrawing blood to reduce mean arterial pressure (MAP) to 30 mm Hg for 45 min. METHODS: Animals were injected with ACTH-(1-24) and resuscitated with dextran of low molecular weight (70 kDa) and a small amount (4%) of dextran of high molecular weight (500 kDa) plus ACTH-(1-24), or autologous (shed) blood withdrawn during HS. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
5.	Colloids (Colloid)IBA 12/01/1991 - "BACKGROUND AND METHODS: The efficacy of using colloids vs. crystalloids in the treatment of hemorrhagic shock remains controversial. " 12/01/2005 - "Early colloid replacement therapy in a near-fatal model of hemorrhagic shock." 10/01/2004 - "On the other hand, the use of intravenous fluids, crystalloids or colloids, and blood products can be life saving in those patients who are in severe hemorrhagic shock. " 01/01/1988 - "Considerable disagreement has been reported on the question whether crystalloids or colloids should be used when treating hemorrhagic shock. " 01/01/1972 - "Lung colloid permeability in hemorrhagic shock." Order ALL the reference details at left...
6.	Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)IBA 01/01/1983 - "In addition, RE function, which was markedly depressed following hemorrhagic shock, was significantly improved by ATP-MgCl2 treatment, indicating that the beneficial effect of ATP-MgCl2 for hemorrhagic shock could be through the improvement of RE function." 01/01/1983 - "The results indicate that survival was significantly improved if the animals were treated with ATP-MgCl2 following hemorrhagic shock. " 01/01/1965 - "PROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE ADMINISTRATION IN IRREVERSIBLE HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK." 01/01/1983 - "There is controversy concerning the efficacy of ATP-MgCl2 in improving survival following hemorrhagic shock. " 01/01/1983 - "Improved survival and reticuloendothelial function with intravenous ATP-MgCl2 following hemorrhagic shock." Order ALL the reference details at left...
7.	Hetastarch (Pentastarch)FDA Link 09/01/2006 - "OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of hydroxyethyl starch (HES) on vascular reactivity of rat during hemorrhagic shock and its mechanism. " 02/01/2008 - "After 90 min of hemorrhagic shock, a group of mice was resuscitated with 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4. " 09/01/2006 - "[Effect of hydroxyethyl starch on vascular reactivity of rat during hemorrhagic shock]" 04/01/2005 - "We examined the effects of hydroxyethyl starch (HES) on the microcirculation, hemodynamics, and colloidal osmotic pressure in a rabbit model of hemorrhagic shock. " 08/01/2004 - "In a model of hemorrhagic shock in dogs, we studied the systemic and gastrointestinal oxygenation effects of HS and hyperoncotic (6%) dextran-70 in combination with HS (HSD) solutions in comparison with lactated Ringer's (LR) and (6%) hydroxyethyl starch (HES) solutions. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
8.	MelatoninIBA 01/01/2008 - "Melatonin treatment before hemorrhagic shock has been shown to improve liver function and hepatic perfusion. " 10/01/1996 - "While the mechanisms of the differential effects of melatonin administration are yet to be clearly defined, this study, nonetheless, demonstrates the salutary effects of short-term melatonin administration in the treatment of immune dysfunction following hemorrhagic shock." 01/01/2008 - "Melatonin pretreatment improves liver function and hepatic perfusion after hemorrhagic shock." 01/01/2008 - "CONCLUSIONS: Melatonin therapy after hemorrhagic shock improves liver function, hepatic perfusion, redox state, and hepatic integrity. " 10/01/1996 - "Melatonin administration following hemorrhagic shock decreases mortality from subsequent septic challenge." Order ALL the reference details at left...
9.	crystalloid solutionsIBA 09/01/2005 - "Those patients designated as being in hemorrhagic shock (defined as a systolic blood pressure less than 90 mmHg after receiving 2 L of intravenous crystalloid) were treated by application of the pelvic C-clamp. " 04/01/2004 - "Currently, submarine providers have only crystalloid available for the reversal of hemorrhagic shock. " 04/01/1997 - "SUBJECTS: Twelve piglets, mean weight 22 kg. INTERVENTIONS: The animals were anesthetized and bled to a state of hemorrhagic shock and resuscitated, using a crystalloid solution infused at a rate of approximately 2.6 mL/min/kg (total amount 208 mL/kg). " 01/01/1994 - "INTERVENTIONS: The animals were bled to a state of hemorrhagic shock and resuscitated using crystalloid solution. " 12/01/1987 - "Treatment of hemorrhagic shock with intraosseous administration of crystalloid fluid in the rabbit model." Order ALL the reference details at left...
10.	Ringer's lactateIBA 10/01/2008 - "INTERVENTIONS: Animals underwent hemorrhagic shock (mean arterial pressure 35 +/- 5 mm Hg for 90 mins) and were resuscitated with shed blood and Ringer's lactate (2 hrs). " 06/01/2002 - "INTERVENTION: Animals of the control group were not manipulated until organ harvesting, whereas animals of the hemorrhagic shock group were bled to 30 +/- 5 mm Hg for 90 mins by withdrawal/reinfusion of shed blood and were resuscitated by Ringer's lactate equivalent to the shed blood volume. " 02/01/2001 - "The same phenotype profile was also revealed in lymphocytes of rats in hemorrhagic shock following massive splenic injury treated with Ringer's lactate. " 02/01/1979 - "The use of isotonic saline and Ringer's lactate in surgery has become widespread following the work of Shires on the sequestration of extra-cellular fluid in hemorrhagic shock. " 07/01/1967 - "Hemodynamic and metabolic effects of Ringer's lactate solution in hemorrhagic shock." Order ALL the reference details at left...

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Resuscitation 04/01/1989 - "These results suggest that when PtCO2 is relied upon as an indicator of adequacy of resuscitation during moderate hemorrhagic shock, that cutaneous perfusion may be improved by the PASG or Trendelenburg position, and that perfusion is most effectively restored by blood infusion." 05/01/1996 - "The main therapeutic efforts, therefore, should be the effective treatment of traumatic hemorrhagic shock during the initial phase, adequate resuscitation, optimal oxygenation, and early surgical treatment." 06/01/2006 - "In conclusion, the present results show that the increase in the concentration of HES, leading to hyperoncotic and hyperviscous solutions, is beneficial for resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock because normalization of COP and viscosity led to a rapid recovery of microcirculatory parameters." 10/01/1998 - "CONCLUSIONS: Although LR and HSD were equally effective in the early resuscitation of hemorrhagic shock, this occurred at the expense of significantly greater volume requirements for resuscitation with LR. " 03/01/2007 - "Lactated Ringer's is superior to normal saline in the resuscitation of uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock." Order ALL the reference details at left...
2.	Fluid Therapy (Oral Rehydration Therapy) 03/01/1979 - "A theory is presented suggesting that the slowed rate of solute dispersion in the extracellular fluid (ECF) space during or after hemorrhagic shock is largely due to a depressed cardiac output, and that mixing may be improved by any fluid therapy that decreases the mean recirculation time for the solute. " 06/01/1977 - "[Experimental study of effects of fluid therapy on pulmonary changes in hemorrhagic shock (author's tranls)]" 04/01/2008 - "Although several different physiologic variables have been suggested as an endpoint to guide fluid therapy, blood pressure remains the most used variable for the initial assessment of hemorrhagic shock and the treatment response to volume loading. " 02/01/1989 - "The benefit of IV fluid therapy in the prehospital management of hemorrhagic shock is unproven. " 06/01/1973 - "Fluid therapy in hemorrhagic shock." Order ALL the reference details at left...
3.	Balloon Occlusion 06/01/1985 - "Our study examined the efficacy of four treatment modalities in controlling hemorrhage and achieving hemodynamic stabilization in hemorrhagic shock: intravenous fluid replacement (IV); military antishock trousers used concomitantly with fluids (MAST); balloon occlusion at the level of the diaphragm with concomitant fluid replacement (balloon); and a combination of MAST inflation, balloon occlusion, and fluid resuscitation (MAST and balloon). " 12/01/1995 - "Hemodynamic improvement in hemorrhagic shock by aortic balloon occlusion and hypertonic saline solutions." 05/01/2004 - "Effects of intra-aortic balloon occlusion on intestinal perfusion, oxygen metabolism and gastric mucosal PCO2 during experimental hemorrhagic shock." Order ALL the reference details at left...
4.	Thyroidectomy 01/01/1986 - "In our previous work thyroidectomy significantly improved survival in canine hemorrhagic shock. " 01/01/1987 - "To circumvent this inequity, this study was designed to elucidate the effects of recent thyroidectomy in 20 splenectomized dogs subjected to acute hemorrhagic shock induced by phlebotomy of a predetermined volume of blood independent of resultant MAP. " 01/01/1987 - "Beneficial effect of thyroidectomy in canine hemorrhagic shock." 01/01/1987 - "Detrimental effect of recent thyroidectomy on hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation." 01/01/1987 - "Shatney and coworkers, in 1984, reported that recent thyroidectomy in dogs improved survival following hemorrhagic shock induced by reservoir bleeding to a mean pressure (MAP) of 60 torr for 60 min. Since thyroidectomy reduces preshock MAP, their control dogs had a relatively greater fall in MAP during hemorrhage. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
5.	Positive-Pressure Respiration (PEEP) 10/01/2005 - "CONCLUSION: When compared with pigs ventilated with either 5 or 10 cm H2O PEEP, those ventilated with 0 cm H2O PEEP during untreated, severe hemorrhagic shock had significantly improved short-term survival." 08/01/2006 - "CONCLUSIONS: When compared with pigs ventilated with either 0 PEEP or 5 PEEP, negative expiratory pressure ventilation during severe hemorrhagic shock improved mean arterial blood pressure and cardiac output." 10/01/2005 - "Therefore, the purpose of our study was to evaluate the effects of 0 cm H2O PEEP versus 5 cm H2O PEEP versus 10 cm H2O PEEP on short-term survival in a porcine model of severe hemorrhagic shock. " 09/01/2008 - "CONCLUSIONS: In this porcine model of severe hemorrhagic shock, reduction of positive end-expiratory pressure was the most important ventilation strategy component influencing hemodynamic stability. " 08/01/2006 - "INTERVENTIONS: After induction of controlled hemorrhagic shock (blood loss approximately 45 mL/kg), 21 pigs were randomly ventilated with either zero end-expiratory pressure (0 PEEP; n = 7), 5 cm H2O positive end-expiratory pressure (5 PEEP; n = 7), or negative expiratory pressure ventilation (up to -30 cm H2O at the endotracheal tube during expiration; n = 7). " Order ALL the reference details at left...

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