Congenital Rubella Syndrome (Syndrome, Congenital Rubella)

Transplacental infection of the fetus with rubella usually in the first trimester of pregnancy, as a consequence of maternal infection, resulting in various developmental abnormalities in the newborn infant. They include cardiac and ocular lesions, deafness, microcephaly, mental retardation, and generalized growth retardation. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

Also Known As:

Networked: 184 relevant articles (9 outcomes, 7 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Rubella (German Measles)
2.	Infections
3.	Measles
4.	Virus Diseases (Viral Diseases)
5.	Mumps

Experts

1.	Moss, William J: 4 articles (01/2022 - 01/2017)
2.	Icenogle, Joseph: 3 articles (09/2016 - 12/2005)
3.	Reef, Susan E: 3 articles (01/2016 - 01/2009)
4.	Flannery, Brendan: 3 articles (07/2015 - 09/2011)
5.	Reef, Susan: 3 articles (09/2011 - 01/2005)
6.	Winter, Amy K: 2 articles (01/2022 - 01/2022)
7.	Mankertz, Annette: 2 articles (08/2021 - 09/2016)
8.	Santibanez, Sabine: 2 articles (08/2021 - 09/2016)
9.	Plotkin, Stanley A: 2 articles (01/2021 - 11/2006)
10.	George, Suji: 2 articles (08/2019 - 07/2019)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Congenital Rubella Syndrome:

1.	Rubella VaccineIBA 08/01/2016 - "The development and almost universal use of rubella vaccine has all but eliminated the congenital rubella syndrome in the world. " 01/01/2023 - "However, since the introduction of rubella vaccine, no cases of congenital rubella syndrome have been reported following vaccination during pregnancy. " 12/01/2021 - "Rubella vaccine has yet to be introduced into the national immunization schedule of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC); the current burden of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) is unknown and likely to be high. " 03/12/2020 - "This means the risk of Congenital Rubella Syndrome is high hence the need to introduce the rubella vaccine for infants and pregnant mothers and continued surveillance to enhance its control." 12/01/2019 - "In the past, based on unavailable information regarded to rubella vaccine, mathematical models were used to design vaccination schemes in order to avoid congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). "
2.	VaccinesIBA 01/01/2019 - "Although congenital rubella syndrome has been eliminated in the Americas by immunization, several pathogens discussed in this chapter cannot currently be prevented by vaccines or effectively treated with the available antimicrobial drugs. " 10/30/2020 - "As vaccine protection decreases over the years and the risk of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) in vaccinated subjects should not be underestimated, we suggest routine screening of the immunological status followed by the administration of a third dose of vaccine if the antibody titre becomes non-protective." 01/01/2020 - "No case of vaccine associated congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) was identified. " 01/01/2020 - "Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS) is the leading cause of vaccine-preventable congenital anomalies. " 01/01/2018 - "Hospital based surveillance of congenital rubella syndrome cases in the pre-vaccine era in Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia: A base line information for the country."
3.	Measles VaccineIBA 12/01/1999 - "In countries that have achieved high coverage of measles vaccine, an ideal opportunity exists to include control of rubella and congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) in enhanced measles control activities. " 01/01/2021 - "The RA 27/3 rubella vaccine, usually combined with measles vaccine, has eliminated rubella and congenital rubella syndrome from much of the world, notably from the Western Hemisphere. " 05/14/2001 - "We argue for the combination of rubella vaccine with measles vaccine in all campaigns for the control of measles, and will discuss the strategies by which congenital rubella syndrome could be eradicated at little additional cost." 01/01/2022 - "Rubella and congenital rubella syndrome can be prevented by rubella-containing vaccines, which are commonly administered in combination with measles vaccine. " 09/01/1999 - "Measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine replaced monovalent measles vaccine in the routine childhood vaccination schedule in Israel in December 1988, primarily to achieve the elimination of the congenital rubella syndrome. "
4.	Peptides (Polypeptides)IBA 07/01/1993 - "T-cell lines derived from three congenital rubella syndrome patients did not respond to any of the synthetic peptides. " 04/01/1997 - "The role of rubella-immunoblot and rubella-peptide-EIA for the diagnosis of the congenital rubella syndrome during the prenatal and newborn periods." 01/01/1998 - "In an attempt to define diagnostic criteria that may help to distinguish the congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) from subclinical intrauterine rubella virus (RV) infection, maternal and fetal serum samples were analyzed using (1) enzyme immunoassay employing RV synthetic peptides as antigen, (2) IgG avidity assay, and (3) immunoblot under nonreducing conditions, in addition to hemagglutination inhibition and commercial enzyme immunoassays. " 07/01/1993 - "To define such epitopes, 49 overlapping synthetic peptides (17-34 residues in length) corresponding to more than 95% of the amino acid sequence of RV virion proteins E1 (23 peptides) and C (11 peptides) and all of E2 (15 peptides) were synthesized and tested for their capacities to induce proliferative responses of rubella-specific T-cell lines and T-cell clones derived from 4 study groups (5 women infected with RV in pregnancy, 5 patients with congenital rubella syndrome, 5 seropositive healthy donors, and 5 RV vaccine recipients). "
5.	Immunoglobulin G (IgG)IBA 10/01/1997 - "Immunoglobulin G avidity in the serodiagnosis of congenital rubella syndrome." 01/01/2022 - "Seroprevalence of IgG Rubella among Infants with Features Suggestive of Congenital Rubella Syndrome at a Tertiary Hospital in North Western Tanzania." 08/01/2010 - "Monitoring circulating rubella IgG antibody concentration in children and in women of child-bearing age is an important step in maintaining high levels of rubella immunity and preventing congenital rubella syndrome. " 02/01/1994 - "The importance of Rubella IgG determination in Turkish pregnant women is discussed and recommendations for prevention and control of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) are suggested." 06/01/2003 - "Out of 127 unvaccinated women 12(9%) gave a history of past infection with rubella and of this 3(25%) were seronegative for rubella specific IgG. 18% of pregnant women at 16 weeks of gestation were at risk of giving birth to a baby with congenital rubella syndrome. "
6.	AntigensIBA 01/01/1980 - "HLA antigen frequencies were investigated in 115 patients with congenital rubella syndrome and 93 of their mothers in the Ryukyu Islands, Japan. " 01/01/2016 - "Immunolocalization and Distribution of Rubella Antigen in Fatal Congenital Rubella Syndrome." 09/01/1992 - "Using the expressed recombinant proteins as antigens, we were able to demonstrate antigen-specific lymphocyte proliferative responses in control individuals and individuals with congenital rubella syndrome. " 01/01/1998 - "In an attempt to define diagnostic criteria that may help to distinguish the congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) from subclinical intrauterine rubella virus (RV) infection, maternal and fetal serum samples were analyzed using (1) enzyme immunoassay employing RV synthetic peptides as antigen, (2) IgG avidity assay, and (3) immunoblot under nonreducing conditions, in addition to hemagglutination inhibition and commercial enzyme immunoassays. " 08/01/1999 - "To fully characterize human glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)65 protein T-cell epitopes associated with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), CTL clones specific to GAD65 protein antigens were isolated from two congenital rubella syndrome (CRS)-associated IDDM patients. "
7.	EnzymesIBA 10/01/1999 - "The diagnostic potential of the recombinant purified proteins was evaluated by immunoblot and enzyme immuno assays (EIA) using a total of 57 well-characterised serum samples obtained at various time points after natural RV infection, congenital rubella syndrome (CRS), MMR vaccination or from controls with past RV immunity. " 01/01/1998 - "In an attempt to define diagnostic criteria that may help to distinguish the congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) from subclinical intrauterine rubella virus (RV) infection, maternal and fetal serum samples were analyzed using (1) enzyme immunoassay employing RV synthetic peptides as antigen, (2) IgG avidity assay, and (3) immunoblot under nonreducing conditions, in addition to hemagglutination inhibition and commercial enzyme immunoassays. " 07/01/1992 - "Rubella virus (RV)-specific immunoglobulin G antibodies were studied by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) techniques in sera from RV (RA 27/3)-vaccinated individuals, patients experiencing natural RV infection, congenital rubella syndrome patients, and individuals failing to respond to repeated RV immunization. "
8.	Intravenous Immunoglobulins (IVIG)FDA Link 10/01/2000 - "These findings implicate the efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for dysgammaglobulinaemia in congenital rubella syndrome and a role of CD154 for a prolonged virus infection."
9.	AntibodiesIBA 03/01/2012 - "To determine the prevalence of anti-rubella virus antibodies and the level of knowledge about congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) among pregnant women living in southern Italy. " 06/21/2005 - "Congenital rubella syndrome despite maternal antibodies." 02/01/1987 - "Hemagglutination inhibition antibodies in congenital rubella syndrome. " 03/01/1984 - "Two hundred one deaf adolescents with congenital rubella syndrome and 83 age-matched deaf control subjects were evaluated for the presence of organ-specific antibodies directed against thyroid microsomes, thyroglobulin, pancreatic islets, adrenal cortex, and gastric parietal cells. " 01/01/2017 - "To facilitate future studies of the effectiveness of passive immunisation for preventing rubella and congenital rubella syndrome, this study measured the concentration of rubella-specific antibodies in Australian intramuscular (IM) and intravenous (IV) human immunoglobulin products suitable for post-exposure prophylaxis using a chemiluminescent immunoassay. "
10.	Complement System Proteins (Complement)IBA 09/01/2011 - "Serologic immunity studies are necessary to evaluate immunization policies for rubella control and prevention of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS), and serologic data from regular testing for clinical follow-up can be used to complement surveillance information. " 05/01/1983 - "In studies on the congenital rubella syndrome, trans-placental rubella virus (RV) infection was investigated in vitro with human chorionic, decidual and fetal tissues obtained by artificial abortion from RV-infected pregnant women showing high hemagglutination-inhibiting and complement-fixing RV antibodies (1:512 and 1:16). "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 10/01/2000 - "These findings implicate the efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for dysgammaglobulinaemia in congenital rubella syndrome and a role of CD154 for a prolonged virus infection."
2.	Therapeutic Abortion 03/01/1985 - "These assessable outcomes are infection itself, therapeutic abortion, and birth of infants with congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). " 11/01/1984 - "Therapeutic abortions following rubella infection in pregnancy: the potential impact on the incidence of congenital rubella syndrome." 04/20/1984 - "The licensure of rubella vaccines in the United States in 1969 offered the opportunity to prevent the devastating consequences of congenital rubella infection, including miscarriages, therapeutic abortions, and congenital rubella syndrome (CRS), with its average lifetime cost of more than $220,000 per case. "
3.	Ligation 01/01/2015 - "We discuss the case of complete congenital rubella syndrome presenting at echocardiography with pulmonary hypertension that worsened after ductus ligation. " 10/01/2023 - "Anesthetic considerations in an adult congenital rubella syndrome-patent ductus arteriosus ligation in a resource-limited setting."
4.	Corneal Transplantation (Keratoplasty) 01/01/2016 - "In this chapter, the following circumstances where pediatric cataract may be seen are discussed: retinoblastoma, retinopathy of prematurity, lenticonus, congenital rubella syndrome, trauma, microcornea, pediatric uveitis, Hallermann-Streiff syndrome, Stickler syndrome, Lowe syndrome, subluxated lens, and after previous intraocular surgery (glaucoma, keratoplasty). "
5.	Stents 03/01/2022 - "Here, we are reporting complete transcatheter management of three cases of congenital rubella syndrome who had PDA and left branch PA stenosis by device closure and stent placement, with successful outcome in two cases and complication, leading to surgery in one. "