Rabies (Hydrophobia)

Acute VIRAL CNS INFECTION affecting mammals, including humans. It is caused by RABIES VIRUS and usually spread by contamination with virus-laden saliva of bites inflicted by rabid animals. Important animal vectors include the dog, cat, bat, fox, raccoon, skunk, and wolf.

Also Known As:

Networked: 4039 relevant articles (268 outcomes, 472 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Infections
2.	Vaccinia
3.	Bites and Stings (Sting)
4.	Wounds and Injuries (Trauma)
5.	Hepatitis

Experts

1.	Rupprecht, Charles E: 83 articles (01/2022 - 04/2002)
2.	Fooks, Anthony R: 41 articles (01/2022 - 12/2002)
3.	Müller, Thomas: 33 articles (01/2022 - 09/2001)
4.	Hemachudha, Thiravat: 32 articles (01/2021 - 02/2002)
5.	Fu, Zhen F: 31 articles (01/2022 - 04/2002)
6.	Cliquet, Florence: 29 articles (01/2022 - 06/2003)
7.	Wilde, Henry: 29 articles (10/2019 - 02/2002)
8.	Bourhy, Hervé: 26 articles (01/2022 - 08/2005)
9.	Tang, Qing: 26 articles (12/2018 - 09/2008)
10.	Schnell, Matthias J: 25 articles (01/2022 - 04/2002)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Rabies:

1.	VaccinesIBA 12/20/2017 - "More than 100 years of research has now been conducted into the prevention, control and elimination of rabies with safe and highly efficacious vaccines developed for use in human and animal populations. " 10/01/2013 - "Accurate risk assessments of potential human exposures and support for decentralized laboratory capacity will be essential to ensure the most effective utilization of vaccines and RIG until canine rabies has been eliminated. " 09/01/2013 - "Pre-exposure vaccination using cell culture vaccines is a safe and effective method of preventing rabies among children in these highly endemic regions. " 09/01/2008 - "In addition to immediate post-exposure prophylaxis measures, including active and passive immunization, pre-exposure vaccination using tissue culture vaccines is a safe and effective but highly underutilized method of preventing rabies in humans living or working in areas at risk. " 01/01/1988 - "Domestic animals vaccination with live modified vaccines in zones with sylvatic rabies has proved to be highly effective in limiting the cases, recorded only in non-vaccinated animals."
2.	Rabies Vaccines (Rabies Vaccine)FDA Link 01/01/1997 - "The breakthrough in production of highly efficacious human and animal rabies vaccines has led to successful rabies control in developed countries, but rabies is still a major health problem in many developing countries. " 02/01/2021 - "Improved community awareness, forestalling animal rabies, and better access to affordable and potent human rabies vaccines are essential for the elimination of human rabies." 02/28/2009 - "The rabies leaflets were very effective in informing the people on how to deal with rabid animals, the earliest schedule for anti-rabies vaccine (ARV), and repeat vaccination. " 01/01/2007 - "Aerial delivery of oral rabies vaccine (ORV) baits has proven effective in large-scale efforts to immunize wildlife against rabies, and in North America this strategy currently is being used to immunize foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus and Vulpes vulpes), raccoons (Procyon lotor), and coyotes (Canis latrans). " 01/01/2018 - "Despite the high efficacy of current rabies vaccines, awareness about rabies preventive healthcare is often low in endemic areas. "
3.	Glycoproteins (Glycoprotein)IBA 01/05/2012 - "A replication competent recombinant adenovirus expressing rabies glycoprotein (AdRG1.3) has shown the most promising results in laboratory trials. " 09/01/2017 - "We found that the recombinant HAd5 expressing RABV glycoprotein and FljB (HAd5-GB), if administered intramuscularly, but not orally, could induce stronger immune responses and provide better protection against rabies than HAd5-G or the recombinant HAd5 expressing glycoprotein and FliC (HAd5-GC). " 01/01/1989 - "Rabies glycoprotein has been implicated as the main agent responsible for the induction of protection against rabies. " 04/02/2002 - "The objective of this study was to determine if a replication defective recombinant adenovirus expressing rabies virus glycoprotein (Adrab.gp) given through a non-invasive vaccination route (by topical application) onto the skin (NIVS) could elicit an immune response and/or protection against rabies. " 02/01/1990 - "Protection against rabies in mice by a cytotoxic T cell clone recognizing the glycoprotein of rabies virus."
4.	Immunoglobulins (Immunoglobulin)IBA 11/01/2019 - "The improved and optimized RFFIT accuracy, linearity and sensitivity was demonstrated by testing World Health Organization (WHO)-1 and WHO-2 Standard Rabies Immune Globulins (SRIGs) and complete assay development and validation was performed in compliance with Good Clinical Laboratory Practice (GCLP) guidelines." 01/01/2019 - "The addition of human rabies immunoglobulins (HRIG) to the combination in the second experiment almost completely prevented mortality in the pre-exposure treatment group along with a significant reduction of viral titres in the CNS. " 01/01/2019 - "We modelled post-exposure prophylaxis use according to the status quo, with improved access using WHO-recommended intradermal vaccination, with and without rabies immunoglobulin, and with and without dog vaccination. " 07/01/1991 - "Purified equine rabies immune globulins account for approximately 10% of the cost of human products administered to exposed individuals and have been shown to be safe and effective. " 01/01/2022 - "In this quality improvement study, implementation of a rabies PEP bundle was associated with improved patient selection and delivery of human rabies immune globulin in EDs across a multihospital health system. "
5.	Neutralizing AntibodiesIBA 01/01/1990 - "This recombinant, when administered by either the parenteral or oronasal route, was highly effective in eliciting good levels of rabies-neutralizing antibodies in the sera of dogs and mice. " 12/28/2021 - "Furthermore, rLBNSE-IL33 induced high-level virus-neutralizing antibodies (VNA) production that persisted for 8 weeks by regulating the T cell-dependent germinal center (GC) reaction, thus resulting in better protection against rabies. " 07/01/2015 - "Serial rising rabies virus neutralizing antibody titres in serum and cerebrospinal fluid by rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test helped confirm the diagnosis of rabies. " 01/01/2014 - "The rabies virus neutralizing antibody titers was assessed by rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test and all the vaccinees had titers ≥0.5 IU per mL on day 14 which is considered as adequate for protection against rabies. " 06/06/2012 - "Evaluation of an improved rapid neutralizing antibody detection test (RAPINA) for qualitative and semiquantitative detection of rabies neutralizing antibody in humans and dogs."
6.	AntibodiesIBA 07/01/2003 - "The presently recommended tests for estimation of rabies neutralising antibodies like Rapid Fluorescent Focus Inhibition test (RFFIT) and Mouse Neutralisation test (MNT) are laborious, time consuming and not cost-effective for routine use. " 11/06/2023 - "Current limited evidence indicate that one-visit intradermal/intramuscular rabies pre-exposure prophylaxis is effective in priming the immune system, followed by two-visit (on days 0 and 3) intramuscular post-exposure prophylaxis to rapidly boost antibodies to adequate levels in the event of potential rabies exposure." 02/01/2022 - "Therefore, the main alternative methods for the determination of RABV or rabies-specific antibodies are exposed, with promising results, besides being easy to execute, of low cost, and representing a possibility of being applied, according to the proposal of each test to the network of Rabies Surveillance Laboratories." 01/01/2022 - "Although the precise level of protection against a potential challenge with the rabies virus cannot be ascertained, the vaccination elicited rabies antibodies in 87% (21/24) of the macaques tested within 2.5 years of their first vaccination. " 03/09/2010 - "Rabies-specific antibodies: measuring surrogates of protection against a fatal disease."
7.	AntigensIBA 07/04/1980 - "The method allows better interpretation of the anatomic localization of rabies antigen and will be helpful in studies of the pathogenesis of rabies. " 02/01/2009 - "We conclude that co-administration of PVRV with DTP-IPV elicited protective antibody concentrations to all antigens that persist for at least 5 years, with continued protection against rabies in over 60% of subjects. " 10/01/2017 - "We have demonstrated the efficacy of a novel, in silico designed rabies MoG antigen that conferred protection from rabies challenge in mice and big brown bats in laboratory studies. " 01/01/2020 - "Lastly, our data showed that the DFA, although regarded as the gold standard test for rabies, has some limitations-particularly at low antigen levels. " 11/01/2017 - "Development and validation of an immunoperoxidase antigen detection test for improved diagnosis of rabies in Indonesia."
8.	DNA VaccinesIBA 01/01/2006 - "This indicates that the transmembrane domain of RV gp is important for generating protection against rabies and should be present in RV DNA vaccines." 02/01/1999 - "This review concerns the present state of rabies DNA vaccines, and addresses the technology that may enhance their therapeutic efficacy." 03/26/2009 - "Rabies DNA vaccine: no impact of MHC class I and class II targeting sequences on immune response and protection against lethal challenge." 03/14/2005 - "Impact of plasmid supercoiling on the efficacy of a rabies DNA vaccine to protect cats." 11/15/2023 - "This study demonstrated that the preparation of an oral rabies DNA vaccine using food-borne microorganisms as a transport vehicle is feasible and could be a new strategy to eradicate rabies starting with wild animals."
9.	Antiviral Agents (Antivirals)IBA 04/25/2023 - "There is a need for new effective antiviral drugs that are particularly effective treatments for rabies. " 01/04/2013 - "There are no clinically effective antiviral drugs for rabies. " 01/01/1981 - "With the purpose of establishing a model for antiviral drug evaluation the ERA and V319 rabies fixed virus strains were studied in tissue cultures, for studies of the rabies virus cycle. " 01/01/2020 - "Our results may guide the future development of direct antiviral small molecules for Rabies treatment." 01/01/2019 - "A principal obstacle to the treatment of rabies is the neurotropic nature of the virus, with the blood-brain barrier size exclusion limit rendering the delivery of antiviral drugs and molecules to the central nervous system inherently problematic. "
10.	Monoclonal AntibodiesIBA 01/01/2023 - "Two human neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), RVC20 and RVC58, have been shown to be effective in treating symptomatic rabies. " 03/01/2022 - "Efficacy of ormutivimab, a novel recombinant human anti-rabies monoclonal antibody, in post-exposure prophylaxis animal models." 02/21/2020 - "In Vivo Efficacy of SYN023, an Anti-Rabies Monoclonal Antibody Cocktail, in Post-Exposure Prophylaxis Animal Models." 01/01/2021 - "Rabies virus neutralizing activity, pharmacokinetics, and safety of the monoclonal antibody mixture SYN023 in combination with rabies vaccination: Results of a phase 2, randomized, blinded, controlled trial." 10/03/2019 - "The first anti-rabies monoclonal antibody has recently gained regulatory approval in India and there are several other candidates being evaluated in clinical trials. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 01/01/2020 - "For example, within the past decade, new lyssaviruses have been characterized; sensitive and specific diagnostics have been optimized; pure, potent, safe, and efficacious human biologics have improved human prophylaxis; regional efforts have controlled canine rabies by mass immunization; wildlife rabies has been controlled by oral rabies vaccination over large geographic areas in Europe and North America; and debate has resumed over the controversial topic of therapy. " 01/01/2022 - "A review of the complex aspects of rabies perpetuation in human, domestic animal, and wildlife communities, coupled with a high fatality rate despite the existence of efficacious biologics (but no therapeutics), warrants the need for a One Health approach toward detection via improved laboratory-based surveillance, with focal management at the viral source. " 01/01/2011 - "A better understanding of basic mechanisms involved in rabies pathogenesis may be helpful in the development of potential new therapies for the future." 11/01/2021 - "Aptamers and short-interfering RNAs (siRNAs) have been successful in therapeutics, but few studies have investigated their potential as rabies therapeutics. " 01/01/2019 - "In this study different combinations of therapeutics were tested to evaluate their effect on survival in rabies-infected mice, as well as on viral load in the CNS. "
2.	Injections 12/01/2023 - "The current guidelines for rabies post-exposure prophylaxis require multiple injections administered over several weeks. " 01/01/2022 - "Next, the rabies injections were made at the recovery period of 3 months after the monosynaptic CSP lesion. " 12/28/2021 - "The most effective method to prevent and limit rabies is vaccination, but it is currently expensive and inefficient, consisting of a 3-dose series of injections and requiring to be immunized annually. " 04/01/2021 - " 15 of 16 (94%) bat-related cases the antibody titer after full PEP was >5.0 IU/ml. In 38 of 47 (81%) cases related to other animals the RFFIT titer was >3.0 IU/ml. All low-responders received additional rabies injections.Conclusion" 11/09/2020 - "Forty-five per cent sought pretravel advice and 22% received ≥2 injections of rabies PrEP. "
3.	Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation (TENS) 08/01/2018 - "However, domestic dogs still remain a major reservoir for rabies, and although canine rabies has been eliminated through mass dog vaccination in some parts of the world, the disease continues to kill tens of thousands of people every year in Africa and Asia. " 06/01/2023 - "Dog-mediated rabies is responsible for tens of thousands of human deaths annually, and in resource-constrained settings, vaccinating dogs to control the disease at source remains challenging for various reasons. " 01/01/2022 - "Dog-mediated rabies kills tens of thousands of people each year in India, representing one third of the estimated global rabies burden. " 01/01/2022 - "Dog-mediated rabies is responsible for tens of thousands of human deaths annually, and in resource-constrained settings, vaccinating dogs to control the disease at source remains challenging. " 01/01/2020 - "The World Health Organization (WHO), reports that rabies causes tens of thousands of deaths every year killing humans, non-human primates and other animals. "
4.	Organ Transplantation 06/01/2006 - "Laboratory screening of potential donors for rabies prior to organ transplantation would be associated with logistical problems and serious consequences due to false-positive results. " 05/01/2019 - "Rabies is also transmittable by organ transplantation. " 01/01/2018 - "Transmission of rabies through solid organ transplantation: a notable problem in China." 01/01/2017 - "Rabies transmission following organ transplantation in China." 07/24/2013 - "Unlike the 2 previous clusters of rabies virus transmission through solid organ transplantation, there was a long incubation period in the recipient who developed rabies, and survival of 3 other recipients without pretransplant rabies vaccination. "
5.	Contraception (Birth Control) 04/01/2003 - "A predictive model of spread and control of rabies in red fox (Vulpes vulpes) populations was used to evaluate efficacy of culling, oral vaccination, and oral vaccination and fertility control (V + FC) as rabies control strategies. " 11/01/2021 - "Human rabies deaths in Sri Lanka have been reduced for the last half century by successful implementation of mass dog vaccination, animal birth control and awareness raising activities. " 10/01/2010 - "Animal Birth Control (ABC) is a program by which stray dogs are sterilized and vaccinated against rabies with the aim of controlling both dog population size and rabies. " 09/01/2008 - "The effective control of rabies can be achieved through reduction of the stray dogs and stray livestock populations through implementation of animal birth control (ABC) programme and the proper induction of "herd immunity" by mass vaccination and awareness health programme. " 01/01/2006 - "Attempts to modify animal fertility (such as the encouragement of voluntary spay-neuter programmes or individual chemical contraception, and the extension of such actions to animals in the community) may provide ancillary support in line with other traditional methods of control of canine rabies. "