Pulpitis

Inflammation of the DENTAL PULP, usually due to bacterial infection in dental caries, tooth fracture, or other conditions causing exposure of the pulp to bacterial invasion. Chemical irritants, thermal factors, hyperemic changes, and other factors may also cause pulpitis.

Also Known As:

Networked: 456 relevant articles (66 outcomes, 97 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Pain (Aches)
2.	Periodontitis
3.	Postoperative Pain
4.	Gingivitis
5.	Inflammation

Experts

1.	Reader, Al: 22 articles (06/2015 - 04/2003)
2.	Beck, Mike: 20 articles (06/2015 - 04/2003)
3.	Nusstein, John: 15 articles (06/2015 - 10/2003)
4.	Drum, Melissa: 12 articles (06/2015 - 10/2008)
5.	Asgary, Saeed: 9 articles (03/2015 - 04/2009)
6.	Parirokh, Masoud: 8 articles (09/2015 - 04/2009)
7.	Eghbal, Mohammad Jafar: 7 articles (03/2015 - 04/2009)
8.	Aggarwal, Vivek: 7 articles (06/2013 - 07/2009)
9.	Abbott, Paul V: 6 articles (09/2015 - 03/2010)
10.	Ghoddusi, Jamileh: 6 articles (03/2015 - 04/2009)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Pulpitis:

1.	Lidocaine (Xylocaine)FDA LinkGeneric 06/01/2015 - "The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of 4% buffered lidocaine on the anesthetic success of the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) block in patients experiencing symptomatic irreversible pulpitis. " 06/01/2015 - "Effect of Buffered 4% Lidocaine on the Success of the Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block in Patients with Symptomatic Irreversible Pulpitis: A Prospective, Randomized, Double-blind Study." 04/01/2015 - "Around 80% of failures have been reported when lignocaine has been used for inferior alveolar nerve block in children and adults with irreversible pulpitis. " 06/01/2015 - "For mandibular posterior teeth, a 4% buffered lidocaine formulation did not result in a statistically significant increase in the success rate or a decrease in injection pain of the IAN block in patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis." 01/01/2009 - "This study was a randomized, double-blind clinical trial that was performed on 56 consented adult patients who did not receive enough analgesia after a lidocaine nerve block for their tooth pulpitis pain. "
2.	Carticaine (Articaine)IBA 09/01/2015 - "The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of 1.8 mL and 3.6 mL articaine for an inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB) when treating molars with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis. " 01/01/2014 - "Study of the anesthetic efficacy of inferior alveolar nerve block using articaine in irreversible pulpitis." 01/01/2012 - "Anesthetic efficacy of articaine for inferior alveolar nerve blocks in patients with symptomatic versus asymptomatic irreversible pulpitis." 08/01/2004 - "Anesthetic efficacy of articaine for inferior alveolar nerve blocks in patients with irreversible pulpitis." 11/01/2015 - "This systematic review of double-blind, randomized clinical trials provides level 1 evidence to support the use of articaine for patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis. "
3.	Epinephrine (Adrenaline)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2015 - "Therefore, the purpose of this prospective, randomized study was to evaluate the anesthetic efficacy of the Gow-Gates and Vazirani-Akinosi techniques using 3.6 mL 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine in mandibular posterior teeth in patients presenting with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis. " 11/01/2014 - "The purpose of the study was to evaluate the anesthetic efficacy of X-tip intraosseous injection in patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis, in mandibular posterior teeth, using 4% Articaine with 1:100,000 adrenaline as local anesthetic, when the conventional inferior alveolar nerve block proved ineffective. " 11/01/2014 - "Anesthetic efficacy of the supplemental X-tip intraosseous injection using 4% articaine with 1:100,000 adrenaline in patients with irreversible pulpitis: An in vivo study." 03/01/2013 - "Anesthetic efficacy of X-tip intraosseous injection using 2% lidocaine with 1:80,000 epinephrine in patients with irreversible pulpitis after inferior alveolar nerve block: A clinical study." 01/01/2012 - "This study sought to determine the anesthetic efficacy of 4% articaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine in patients with symptomatic and asymptomatic irreversible pulpitis in mandibular posterior teeth and if individual patient factors, pulpal disease characteristics, and previous medication are correlated to local anesthetic success. "
4.	Ibuprofen (Motrin)FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/2013 - "Efficacy of preoperative ibuprofen on the success of inferior alveolar nerve block in patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis: a randomized clinical trial." 03/01/2010 - "The purpose of this prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was to determine the effect of the administration of preoperative ibuprofen on the success of the inferior alveolar nerve block (IAN) in patients with irreversible pulpitis. " 03/01/2010 - "For mandibular posterior teeth, a dose of 800 mg of ibuprofen given 45 minutes before the administration of the IAN block did not result in a statistically significant increase in anesthetic success in patients with irreversible pulpitis." 03/01/2010 - "One hundred endodontic emergency patients diagnosed with irreversible pulpitis of a mandibular posterior tooth randomly received, in a double-blind manner, identical capsules of either 800 mg ibuprofen or placebo 45 minutes before the administration of a conventional IAN block. " 03/01/2010 - "Effect of preoperative ibuprofen on the success of the inferior alveolar nerve block in patients with irreversible pulpitis."
5.	Anti-Bacterial Agents (Antibiotics)IBA 03/01/2014 - "The results of this review confirm the necessity for further larger sample and methodologically sound trials that can provide additional evidence as to whether antibiotics, prescribed in the preoperative phase, can affect treatment outcomes for irreversible pulpitis." 01/01/2013 - "The results of this review confirm the necessity for further larger sample and methodologically sound trials that can provide additional evidence as to whether antibiotics, prescribed in the preoperative phase, can affect treatment outcomes for irreversible pulpitis." 01/01/2015 - "Caries/pulpitis was the most common diagnosis (n = 222; 31% of cases), of which 48 (21%) were prescribed antibiotics. " 03/01/2014 - "Insufficient evidence to assess the effectiveness of antibiotics for irreversible pulpitis." 01/01/2013 - "To assess the effects of systemic antibiotics for irreversible pulpitis. "
6.	Dexamethasone (Maxidex)FDA LinkGeneric 02/01/2013 - "Premedication with dexamethasone increased the success rate of an IANB in mandibular molars with asymptomatic irreversible pulpitis." 04/01/2008 - "A single dose of dexamethasone infiltrated around the apex of a tooth with irreversible pulpitis could be effective in reduction or prevention of postoperative endodontic pain during the first 24 h." 09/01/2013 - "Preoperative oral use of Ibuprofen or dexamethasone may improve the anesthetic efficacy of an inferior alveolar nerve block in patients diagnosed with irreversible pulpitis." 02/01/2013 - "The aim of this study was to compare 2 kinds of anti-inflammatory medicines (ie, dexamethasone and ibuprofen) with a placebo according to their effects on the success rates of an inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB) for the endodontic treatment of mandibular molars with irreversible pulpitis. " 09/01/2013 - "Effect of premedication with ibuprofen and dexamethasone on success rate of inferior alveolar nerve block for teeth with asymptomatic irreversible pulpitis: a randomized clinical trial. "
7.	KetorolacIBA 04/01/2006 - "Re: The use of an intra-oral injection of ketorolac in the treatment of irreversible pulpitis." 11/01/2005 - "An intra-oral injection of ketorolac did not improve the pulp extirpation rate in a small group of patients with irreversible pulpitis compared with a placebo. " 11/01/2005 - "To examine whether an intra-oral injection of a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (ketorolac), in association with conventional local anaesthetic techniques, would improve the pulp extirpation rate in teeth with irreversible pulpitis. " 11/01/2005 - "The use of an intra-oral injection of ketorolac in the treatment of irreversible pulpitis." 04/01/2011 - "Articaine and ketorolac infiltration can increase the success rate of IANB in patients with irreversible pulpitis. "
8.	Acetaminophen (Paracetamol)FDA LinkGeneric 12/01/2014 - "The purpose of this prospective randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was to determine the effects of a combination dose of 1000 mg acetaminophen/10 mg hydrocodone on cold pulpal testing in patients experiencing symptomatic irreversible pulpitis. " 05/01/2011 - "The purpose of this prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was to determine the effect of the administration of the combination of preoperative ibuprofen/acetaminophen on the success of the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) block in patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis. " 12/01/2014 - "A combination dose of 1000 mg of acetaminophen/10 mg of hydrocodone did not statistically affect cold pulpal testing in patients presenting with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis. " 01/01/2014 - "A combination dose of 1000 mg acetaminophen/10 mg hydrocodone given 60 minutes before the administration of the IAN block did not result in a statistically significant increase in anesthetic success for mandibular posterior teeth in patients experiencing symptomatic irreversible pulpitis." 05/01/2011 - "For mandibular posterior teeth, a combination dose of 800 mg ibuprofen and 1000 mg acetaminophen given 45 minutes before administration of the IAN block did not result in a statistically significant increase in anesthetic success in patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis."
9.	CalciumIBA 01/01/2014 - "Vital pulp therapy with calcium-enriched mixture cement (VPT/CEM) as a new alternative treatment option has demonstrated excellent treatment outcomes up to 1 year; if 2-year radiographic/clinical effectiveness as well as cost-effectiveness of the VPT/CEM is also non-inferior compared with RCT, it can serve as a viable treatment for mature molars with irreversible pulpitis. " 01/01/2014 - "The present article reviews the treatment outcomes of 94 permanent teeth with irreversible pulpitis treated with either IDPC (n=28), DPC (n=28), MP (n=29) or CP (n=9) using calcium-enriched mixture (CEM) cement. " 01/01/2014 - "VPT with calcium enriched mixture (VPT/CEM) has demonstrated favorable treatment outcomes when treating permanent molars with irreversible pulpitis. " 10/01/2010 - "If outcomes of pulpotomy with a calcium-enriched mixture (PCEM) are non-inferior for mature molars with irreversible pulpitis compared with those from one-visit RCT (ORCT), this may be a beneficial treatment option. " 03/01/2015 - "Previous reported results of up to 12 months as well as 24-month follow-ups revealed superior and equivalent treatment outcomes for vital pulp therapy (VPT) using calcium-enriched mixture cement (CEM) in comparison with root canal therapy (RCT) for mature molars with established irreversible pulpitis, respectively. "
10.	Nitrous Oxide (Laughing Gas)IBA 05/01/2012 - "Effect of nitrous oxide on the efficacy of the inferior alveolar nerve block in patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis." 05/01/2012 - "Therefore, the purpose of this prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was to determine the effect of nitrous oxide on the anesthetic success of the IAN block in patients experiencing symptomatic irreversible pulpitis. " 07/01/1966 - "[The treatment of pulpitis under nitrous oxide anesthesia]." 12/01/2013 - "To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of nitrous oxide/oxygen inhalation sedation in the treatment of acute pulpitis. " 12/01/2013 - "[Clinical trail on the effect of nitrous oxide/oxygen inhalation sedation on the treatment of acute pulpitis]."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Anesthesia 03/01/2013 - "The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of X-tip intraosseous injection and inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) block in primary anesthesia for mandibular posterior teeth with irreversible pulpitis. " 10/01/2003 - "The purpose of this prospective, randomized, blinded study was to compare the anesthetic efficacy of the conventional inferior alveolar nerve block, administered with the needle bevel oriented away from the mandibular ramus, to the bidirectional-needle-rotation technique, administered using the computer-assisted Wand II anesthesia system, in patients diagnosed with irreversible pulpitis. " 03/01/2008 - "Although this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.2148), the results of this preliminary study indicate that the IntraFlow system can be used as the primary anesthesia method in teeth with irreversible pulpitis to achieve predictable pulpal anesthesia." 11/01/2015 - "Achieving profound pulpal anesthesia can be difficult in patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis. " 09/01/2015 - "Achieving anesthesia in mandibular molar teeth with irreversible pulpitis is very difficult. "
2.	Pulpotomy 01/01/2015 - "Within the limits of the present clinical study and correlating the success across the treated clinical cases, we safely conclude the potential scope of regenerative pulpotomy approaches in acute irreversible pulpitis in adult permanent teeth. " 01/01/2015 - "(1) The aim of the clinical study revolves around the accurate diagnosis, proper case selection, and the management of acute irreversible pulpitis in permanent molars with closed apices using conservative and economical treatment modalities like vital pulpotomies with regenerative approaches over conventional root canal procedures. " 03/01/1993 - "The high frequency of clinical healing in this study appears to justify recommending pulpotomy as the treatment regime in selected cases of chronic hyperplastic pulpitis." 01/01/2015 - "Vital pulpotomy was performed on 5 carious involved, permanent molars diagnosed with acute irreversible pulpitis in 17- to 22-year-old patients. " 09/01/2014 - "Pulpotomy is a common procedure to treat asymptomatic reversible pulpitis in primary molars. "
3.	Pulpectomy 01/01/2015 - "Pulpectomies were performed for 54 patients with acute and chronic irreversible pulpitides and for 5 patients (control group) with orthodontic extractions. " 01/01/2015 - "Pulpectomy is the preferred treatment for restorable primary teeth with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis or periradicular lesion. " 11/01/2010 - "The pulps of 38 human teeth with a clinical diagnosis of irreversible pulpitis were removed by pulpectomy. " 06/01/2006 - "To compare the painless effect of four anesthetic methods during opening pulp cavity and undergoing pulpectomy for acute or chronic pulpitis. " 09/01/2004 - "Pulpitis was induced with fresh human carious dentine or Streptococcus mutans placed into occlusal cavities in 78 primary molars; after 14 days a pulpectomy was performed on the same primary molars with the two root fillings randomly allocated. "
4.	Injections 10/01/2014 - "Efficacy of supplementary buccal infiltrations and intraligamentary injections to inferior alveolar nerve blocks in mandibular first molars with asymptomatic irreversible pulpitis: a randomized controlled trial." 03/01/2013 - "Supplemental injections are essential to overcome failure of IAN block in patients with irreversible pulpitis. " 06/01/2014 - "Profound pulpal anesthesia in mandibular molars with irreversible pulpitis (IP) is often difficult to obtain and often requires supplemental injections after an ineffective inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB). " 01/01/2013 - "Profound pulpal anesthesia in posterior mandibular teeth with irreversible pulpitis usually requires administering an inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB) plus other supplemental injections. " 11/01/2009 - "We compared the anesthetic efficacy of inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB) plus buccal infiltration (BI) and IANB plus periodontal ligament (PDL) articaine injections in patients with irreversible pulpitis in the mandibular first molar. "
5.	Nerve Block (Nerve Blocks) 03/01/2008 - "The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of intraosseous injection and inferior alveolar (IA) nerve block in anesthetizing mandibular posterior teeth with irreversible pulpitis. " 07/01/2011 - "The purpose of this study was to determine the pain associated with needle insertion (with or without topical anesthetic) and solution deposition for the long buccal nerve block injection in patients with irreversible pulpitis. " 07/01/2011 - "In conclusion, 41% to 46% of patients presenting with irreversible pulpitis have the potential for moderate-to-severe pain with the long buccal nerve block." 07/01/2011 - "Long buccal nerve block injection pain in patients with irreversible pulpitis." 01/01/2009 - "This study was a randomized, double-blind clinical trial that was performed on 56 consented adult patients who did not receive enough analgesia after a lidocaine nerve block for their tooth pulpitis pain. "