Protein Deficiency

A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of proteins in the diet, characterized by adaptive enzyme changes in the liver, increase in amino acid synthetases, and diminution of urea formation, thus conserving nitrogen and reducing its loss in the urine. Growth, immune response, repair, and production of enzymes and hormones are all impaired in severe protein deficiency. Protein deficiency may also arise in the face of adequate protein intake if the protein is of poor quality (i.e., the content of one or more amino acids is inadequate and thus becomes the limiting factor in protein utilization). (From Merck Manual, 16th ed; Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed, p406)

Also Known As:

Networked: 1327 relevant articles (21 outcomes, 88 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Infections
2.	Inflammation (Inflammations)
3.	Fibrosis (Cirrhosis)
4.	Alopecia (Baldness)
5.	Ureteral Obstruction

Experts

1.	Kopylchuk, G P: 7 articles (09/2020 - 01/2015)
2.	González-Reimers, E: 7 articles (08/2013 - 03/2002)
3.	Santolaria-Fernández, F: 7 articles (08/2013 - 03/2002)
4.	Koski, Kristine G: 6 articles (04/2021 - 09/2010)
5.	Scott, Marilyn E: 6 articles (04/2021 - 09/2010)
6.	Galindo-Martín, L: 6 articles (08/2013 - 01/2000)
7.	Dhawan, D K: 6 articles (01/2006 - 11/2004)
8.	Garg, M L: 6 articles (01/2006 - 11/2004)
9.	Azzout-Marniche, Dalila: 5 articles (01/2022 - 01/2019)
10.	Chaumontet, Catherine: 5 articles (01/2022 - 01/2018)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Protein Deficiency:

1.	IronIBA 09/01/1970 - "A study of iron and protein deficiency in hookworm infestation." 08/01/1984 - "Iron absorption from the iron-deficient diet appeared unaffected by the associated protein deficiency. " 11/01/1979 - "The reasons for this are unknown, but are more likely attributable to an increased absorption of the supplemental iron than to the correction of a protein deficiency." 03/01/1977 - "Extrapolation to the human situation has important therapeutic implications in that iron and protein deficiency may play an important role in the perpetuation of helminth infestations. " 03/01/1977 - "Effect of iron and protein deficiency on the expulsion of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis from the small intestine of the rat."
2.	ThioredoxinsIBA 10/01/2008 - "Thioredoxin-interacting protein deficiency induces Akt/Bcl-xL signaling and pancreatic beta-cell mass and protects against diabetes." 01/01/2005 - "Thioredoxin-interacting protein deficiency disrupts the fasting-feeding metabolic transition." 09/01/2019 - "Thioredoxin-interacting protein deficiency alleviates phenotypic alterations of podocytes via inhibition of mTOR activation in diabetic nephropathy." 12/01/2015 - "Thioredoxin-Interacting Protein Deficiency Protects against Diabetic Nephropathy." 01/01/2018 - "Thioredoxin-interacting protein deficiency ameliorates kidney inflammation and fibrosis in mice with unilateral ureteral obstruction."
3.	AnthelminticsIBA 11/01/1977 - "This decreased efficacy of anthelmintics in iron and protein deficiency could not be overcome by intraperitoneal administration of the drug. " 11/01/1977 - "Using the Nippostrongylus brasiliensis-rat model, the effect of iron and protein deficiency on the efficacy of benzimidazole anthelmintics was studied. " 11/01/1977 - "Nippostronglylus brasiliensis infection in the rat: effect of iron and protein deficiency and dexamethasone on the efficacy of benzimidazole anthelmintics." 04/01/1979 - "Furthermore, iron and protein deficiency reduced the efficacy of the anthelmintics pyrantel and piperazine but not levamisole. " 04/01/1979 - "Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection in the rat: effect of iron and protein deficiency on the anthelmintic efficacy of mebendazole, pyrantel, piperazine, and levamisole."
4.	Proteins (Proteins, Gene)FDA Link 12/01/2003 - "Importantly, this improved performance resulted in robust systemic secretion of an exogenous protein (SEAP), thus demonstrating the potential this nonviral gene transfer technology has as a method to treat systemic protein deficiencies." 11/01/2016 - "Supplementation of protein may be necessary in diets during P digestibility studies to ameliorate an effect of protein deficiency on P digestion and retention." 01/01/2012 - "This study aimed to investigate the effects of low protein provision during foetal life to male mink kits on their protein metabolism during the early post-weaning period of rapid growth and to investigate whether foetal life protein deficiency affects the response to adequate or deficient protein provision post weaning. " 06/01/1994 - "Observations on malnourished infants and studies of experimental animals exposed to protein energy or protein deficiency in fetal or early neonatal life suggest that the basis of this link could lie in the detrimental effects of poor early nutrition on the development of the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans. " 01/01/1985 - "It is concluded that reduction in the titers of the study proteins under protein deficiency may bring about the loss or weakening of the important components of the body defense, which are mediated by the above-mentioned protein structures."
5.	EnzymesIBA 10/01/2019 - "Based on emerging safety and efficacy data from clinical trials for other protein deficiencies, in vivo gene therapy with AAV vectors appears to have the potential to provide a therapeutically relevant, stable source of GAA enzyme, which could be highly beneficial in PD." 01/01/2012 - "Further, we intended to study whether the changes in the gene expression of key enzymes in foetal hepatic tissue caused by maternal protein deficiency were manifested post-weaning. " 12/01/2022 - "Lysosomal diseases are a group of over 70 rare genetic conditions in which a protein deficiency (most often an enzyme deficiency) leads to multi-system disease. " 05/29/2021 - "Peroxisomes are central hubs for cell metabolism and their dysfunction is linked to devastating human disorders, such as peroxisomal biogenesis disorders and single peroxisomal enzyme/protein deficiencies. " 05/07/2021 - "Protein deficiency led to an increase in the AA catabolism enzyme systems inducing the production of breakdown metabolites in the plasma and urine. "
6.	Testosterone (Sustanon)FDA Link 01/01/2021 - "The aim of this study was to analyse the mechanism of suppression of hepatic fat accumulation by testosterone and to clarify the mechanism behind the gender difference in fatty liver formation due to protein deficiency. " 01/01/2020 - "Dietary Cystine Ameliorates Defects in Spermatogenesis via Testosterone Production Induced by Protein Deficiency and Darkness in Rats." 09/01/1994 - "The aim of the present study is to analyse the relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on serum testosterone and LH, and on gonadal histology, in ethanol fed rats. " 09/01/1994 - "Both ethanol and protein deficiency independently lead to a decrease in serum testosterone levels, and to testicular atrophy, lowest testosterone levels and highest degrees of atrophy being observed in the rats receiving the 36% ethanol, 2% protein containing diet. " 01/01/1954 - "[Effect of testosterone, thyroxin and cortisone on the evolution of anemia and leukopenia of protein deficiency]."
7.	Membrane Proteins (Integral Membrane Proteins)IBA 05/01/2005 - "Our data suggest that the relative quantification of each major membrane protein and of the ratios between the values of protein deficiencies may be helpful in providing additional data about the clinical outcome of HS." 07/01/2008 - "We performed standardized diagnosis tests, including electrophoretic membrane protein analysis to identify and quantify protein deficiencies underlying HS. " 05/01/2005 - "We performed screening tests and the standardized electrophoretic membrane protein analysis to identify and quantify protein deficiencies. " 10/01/1998 - "Electrophoresis of the red cell membrane proteins allows the identification of the protein deficiency related to HS and thus confirms the diagnosis of HS, but also points to the underlying molecular defect, the inheritance pattern and the clinical aspects of the disease." 05/01/1991 - "Changes in macrophage membrane proteins in relation to protein deficiency in rats."
8.	Vitamin A (Retinol)FDA LinkGeneric 05/01/1999 - "We examined whether vitamin A improved mucosal immune depression in mice with wasting protein deficiency. " 03/01/2000 - "In separate experiments, vitamin A (AD) and protein deficiencies (PD) were produced in male WNIN weanling rats. " 01/01/1982 - "At presentation he was apparently unable to normally mobilize vitamin A from his liver, which may have been due to an accompanying protein deficiency." 07/01/1970 - "[Influence of protein deficiency in the diet on the absorption of vitamin A in the alimentary tract]." 09/01/1964 - "VITAMIN A PROTEIN DEFICIENCY IN MALAYAN CHILDREN."
9.	NucleotidesIBA 06/01/2005 - "A new nucleotide substitution (T961C) on exon 8 of lamp-2 gene was identified as responsible for the protein deficiency. " 07/01/1959 - "NUCLEOTIDE interrelationships in protein deficiency." 09/01/1978 - "[Effect of protein deficiency on the nucleotide content and ATPase activity in rat tissues]." 12/31/1959 - "[Action of nucleotides on the hepatic ribonucleic acid during protein deficiency]." 09/01/2007 - "Mannose-binding lectin is an important constituent of the innate immune system, the serum levels of which are greatly affected by polymorphisms of the MBL2 gene: three polymorphisms in exon 1, as well as nucleotide variations in the promoter region of the gene, have been associated with protein deficiency and some infectious and autoimmune disease. "
10.	Transferrin (beta 2 Transferrin)IBA 08/15/1978 - "4. In anemia due to protein deficiency the typical increase of 59Fe incorporation into the fraction of mucosal transferrin--usually occuring in iron deficiency--could not be observed. " 08/15/1978 - "6. The conclusion is drawn that mucosal transferrin and ferritin enable the body not only to adapt the absorption to a higher but also to a lower requirement as it is the case in protein deficiency." 03/01/1979 - "1. Patients receiving regular hemodialysis treatment who are permitted to select their own diets are in danger of a protein deficiency manifested by a significant reduction in serum transferrin and in complement C3c. " 01/01/2016 - "In protein-deficiency rats with toxic liver injury an abrupt increase of serum iron against the background reduction of the total serum iron binding capacity and maximal saturation of transferrin by iron ions is observed. " 10/15/1976 - "However, in the patients with possible protein deficiency and normal renal function, an elevation of plasma ribonuclease is, in general, associated with a decrease in serum albumin, transferrin and cholinesterase. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Immunotherapy 01/01/2021 - "A link between mismatch repair protein deficiency (MMRP-D) and response to immunotherapy is established. " 10/01/2021 - "Mismatch repair protein deficiency occurs in 0.8-2% of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas and confers susceptibility to immunotherapy. " 10/01/2021 - "Here we describe a patient whose mismatch repair protein deficiency pancreatic cancer responded well to pembrolizumab immunotherapy, but who later developed diabetes as an immunotherapy-related adverse effect. " 06/01/2022 - "DNA mismatch repair (MMR) protein deficiency has attached more attention for its potential to be a biomarker of immunotherapy for colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. " 12/01/2018 - "Mismatch repair protein deficiency is a hallmark of cancers associated with Lynch syndrome and is a biomarker for response to immunotherapy. "
2.	Renal Dialysis (Hemodialysis) 01/01/1978 - "[Protein deficiencies in hemodialysis patients?]." 08/01/1989 - "The results suggest that excess intake of protein impaired cellular immunity in maintenance hemodialysis patients, and that protein deficiency can also have a detrimental effect on cellular immunity. " 10/01/1978 - "Patients on chronic hemodialysis may suffer from a latent protein deficiency, and therapy with essential amino acids has been recommended. " 03/01/1979 - "1. Patients receiving regular hemodialysis treatment who are permitted to select their own diets are in danger of a protein deficiency manifested by a significant reduction in serum transferrin and in complement C3c. "
3.	Ketogenic Diet 10/01/2013 - "Short-term 50% CR combined with either severe protein-deficiency or ketogenic diets improved chemotoxicity resistance similarly to the standard 50% CR, but did not result in the high protection caused by STS. " 07/01/2014 - "Rats fed with LC75/10 displayed features of protein deficiency (reduced growth and nitrogen balance, hypoproteinemia, depletion of body protein, and increased body and liver fat), whereas the effects with the non-ketogenic diets LC65/20 and LC55/30 were less pronounced. "
4.	Protein-Restricted Diet (Diet, Protein Restricted) 06/01/1996 - "We conclude that protein deficiency is the primary cause of the elevated NaCl preference produced by being fed a low-protein diet and that a novel physiological mechanism underlies this behavior." 01/01/1977 - "Employing livers from rats fed on a protein-free diet for two weeks, the effects of protein deficiency on both biosynthesis and degradation of rRNA were investigated and the following results were obtained. " 01/01/1999 - "Marked to severe lobular and acinar cell atrophy in animals fed low-protein diets resembled human pancreatic atrophy resulting from protein deficiency. " 01/01/2021 - "Based on these findings, we conclude that the undesirable effects of a low-protein diet and/or protein deficiency are related to changes in the gut microbiome composition and may differ depending on the kind of proteins used." 06/15/1998 - "In Experiment 2, hamsters that had developed a preference for the protein test diet while maintained on the protein-free diet were given Purina Chow for 25 days to permit them to recover from their protein deficiency. "
5.	Parenteral Nutrition 11/01/1986 - "To determine the clinical conditions that predispose ill premature infants to the development of protein deficiency, we compared the clinical courses and nutritional histories of premature infants receiving parenteral nutrition who developed the flag sign (group F), with those of a matched control group (Group C). " 11/01/1986 - "Protein deficiency in premature infants receiving parenteral nutrition." 11/01/1988 - "A controlled study of parenteral nutrition did not make it possible to correct weight loss and protein deficiency in these patients. " 11/01/2003 - "Several aetiological factors contribute to NASH: obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidaemia, pregnancy, different chemical intoxications, parenteral nutrition, jejeuno-ileal bypass, chronic inflammatory bowel disease, nutritional protein deficiency and congenital metabolic disorders. " 09/01/1952 - "[Intensity of inclusion into tissue proteins of radioactive methionine in rats and dogs in parenteral feeding during protein deficiency]."