Protamines (Protamine Sulfate)

A group of simple proteins that yield basic amino acids on hydrolysis and that occur combined with nucleic acid in the sperm of fish. Protamines contain very few kinds of amino acids. Protamine sulfate combines with heparin to form a stable inactive complex; it is used to neutralize the anticoagulant action of heparin in the treatment of heparin overdose. (From Merck Index, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p692)

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Networked: 1607 relevant articles (78 outcomes, 241 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Drug Context: Research Results

Experts

1.	Yang, Victor C: 14 articles (08/2015 - 01/2005)
2.	Huang, Leaf: 13 articles (12/2018 - 11/2002)
3.	Tavalaee, Marziyeh: 8 articles (11/2021 - 08/2014)
4.	Park, Yoon Jeong: 8 articles (01/2017 - 01/2005)
5.	Steger, Klaus: 7 articles (07/2021 - 01/2008)
6.	Oliva, Rafael: 7 articles (04/2021 - 07/2006)
7.	Huang, Yongzhuo: 7 articles (08/2015 - 05/2010)
8.	Carrell, Douglas T: 7 articles (06/2011 - 12/2003)
9.	Byun, Youngro: 6 articles (10/2021 - 07/2012)
10.	Kalaska, Bartlomiej: 6 articles (01/2020 - 07/2012)

Related Diseases

1.	Hemorrhage 11/01/2010 - "Randomized trials in elective patients have shown that postprocedural protamine administration is safe and associated with a significant reduction in bleeding complications. " 11/01/2010 - "Protamine administration was not associated with difference in short-term mortality (2.8% vs. 2.7%, OR [95% CI] = 0.97 [0.69-1.37], P = 0.88, p(het) = 1.0), but with a significant reduction in major bleeding complications (2.4% vs. 4.1%, OR [95% CI] = 0.51 [0.37-0.69], P < 0.0001, p(het) = 0.53, NNT = 58.8). " 04/01/2013 - "These findings suggest that titrated protamine dosing is more effective than standard protamine dosing for reducing postoperative bleeding after CPB." 04/01/2021 - "While larger studies are needed to confirm these findings and detect differences in clinically relevant outcomes, the administration of a lower protamine dose is endorsed by current guidelines and may help to avoid the detrimental effects of protamine overdose, including paradox bleeding." 11/01/2021 - "This study compares 80% protamine dose with full dose on postoperative bleeding and transfusion needs in OPCAB. "
2.	Neoplasms (Cancer) 10/01/2021 - "Furthermore, the anti-tumor efficacy of nanocomplex was highly augmented (73.77±4.86%) compared to treating with only TRAIL (18.49 ± 19.75%), PEG-LHT7/Protamine (47.84 ± 14.20%) and co-injection of TRAIL and PEG-LHT7/Protamine (56.26 ± 9.98%). " 09/01/1999 - "However, experiments performed utilizing intraperitoneal administration of Ad.tk/GCV in the presence or absence of 50 microg/ml protamine demonstrated no significantly improved median survival in mice bearing established intraperitoneal tumors. " 01/15/2018 - "Overall, the self-assembled nanocomplexation of PEG-protamine and LHsura helped control the release and extravasation of LHsura, which resulted in an antitumor effect on the target tumor cells." 09/01/1999 - "Similarly, in Fischer rats bearing intrapleural tumor, no improvement in anti-tumor response was observed when Ad treatment was performed intrapleurally in the presence of protamine. " 10/01/2021 - "Based on this study, we suggest that PEG-LHT7/Protamine complex is an effective nanocarrier of TRAIL for enhancing drug distribution as well as improving anti-tumor efficacy by exploiting the synergistic mechanism of anti-angiogenesis."
3.	Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (MODY) 08/31/2019 - "The study groups were ovariectomized and reproduced experimental type 2 diabetes mellitus with protamine sulfate. " 10/01/2021 - "The experiment was conducted on 30 female Wistar rats in a model of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM 2), which was induced by subcutaneous administration of protamine sulfate twice daily 1mg/kg for 15 days. " 01/01/2020 - "Premixture of rapid-acting analogs with protamine has been useful for some patients with type 2 diabetes. " 01/01/2021 - "In our comparative effectiveness trial involving individuals with type 2 or overt type 2 diabetes mellitus, use of insulin detemir resulted in lower rates of adverse neonatal and maternal outcomes compared with neutral protamine Hagedorn." 06/01/2016 - "This study aimed to evaluate the long-term cost effectiveness of IGlar versus neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin in type 2 diabetes from the perspective of Thai Health Care System. "
4.	Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (Autoimmune Diabetes) 04/01/2009 - "We also reviewed the records of 198 children with preexisting type 1 diabetes mellitus of >1-year duration who changed from the neutral protamine Hagedorn regimen to a basal-bolus regimen during the review period. " 04/01/2009 - "We reviewed the charts of 459 children > or =6 years of age who were diagnosed as having type 1 diabetes between July 1, 2002, and June 30, 2006 (212 treated with basal-bolus therapy and 247 treated with a more-conventional neutral protamine Hagedorn regimen). " 01/01/2014 - "A randomized trial comparing perinatal outcomes using insulin detemir or neutral protamine Hagedorn in type 1 diabetes." 02/01/2010 - "The primary focus for type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) was the comparison of CSII with multiple daily injection (MDI), based on the newer insulin analogues, but trials of neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH)-based MDI that had been published since the last assessment were identified and described in brief. " 08/01/2008 - "The aim of this study was to retrospectively evaluate (years 2004-2007) the effectiveness and safety of insulin glargine compared with neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) in women affected by type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) during pregnancy. "
5.	Hypoglycemia (Reactive Hypoglycemia) 03/10/2023 - "Further, risk of hypoglycemia is lower with Gla-100 than Neutral Protamine Hagedorn but comparable to insulin detemir." 12/01/2020 - "The early basal insulins like neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH), were intermediate-acting, with high risk of hypoglycemia. " 01/01/2018 - "Low- and very-low-quality evidence suggested that Deg-100, Deg-200, and Glar-300 were associated with lower incidence of nocturnal hypoglycemia than detemir, Glar-100, LY2963016, and neutral protamine lispro (NPL). " 01/01/2009 - "In rats, repeated induction of prolonged hypoglycemia by neutral protamine Hagadorn insulin (NPH) results in diminished neuronal transcriptional activation in several key metabolic loci in male, but not female rat brain, including the hindbrain dorsal vagal complex (DVC). " 01/01/2006 - "In the ambulatory setting, in comparison to neutral protamine Hagedorn, long-acting insulin analogs reduce hypoglycemia. "

Related Drugs and Biologics

1.	Heparin (Liquaemin)
2.	Isophane Insulin (NPH Insulin)
3.	Insulin Glargine (Lantus)
4.	Insulin (Novolin)
5.	Insulin Lispro (Humalog)
6.	Insulin Detemir (Levemir)
7.	Suspensions
8.	Glucose (Dextrose)
9.	DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
10.	Blood Glucose (Blood Sugar)

Related Therapies and Procedures

1.	Glycemic Control
2.	Therapeutics
3.	Anticoagulation Reversal
4.	Protective Devices (Safety Device)
5.	Cardiopulmonary Bypass (Heart-Lung Bypass)