Premenstrual Syndrome (Premenstrual Tension)

A combination of distressing physical, psychologic, or behavioral changes that occur during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Symptoms of PMS are diverse (such as pain, water-retention, anxiety, cravings, and depression) and they diminish markedly 2 or 3 days after the initiation of menses.

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Networked: 1150 relevant articles (112 outcomes, 233 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
2.	Dysmenorrhea (Menstrual Pain)
3.	Mastodynia
4.	Migraine Disorders (Migraine)
5.	Breast Diseases (Breast Disease)

Experts

1.	Bertone-Johnson, Elizabeth R: 11 articles (01/2019 - 06/2005)
2.	Freeman, Ellen W: 9 articles (05/2012 - 06/2002)
3.	Qiao, Mingqi: 8 articles (01/2022 - 06/2008)
4.	Hankinson, Susan E: 8 articles (01/2019 - 06/2005)
5.	Bäckström, Torbjörn: 7 articles (01/2009 - 01/2003)
6.	Bahrami, Afsane: 6 articles (01/2022 - 08/2018)
7.	Ferns, Gordon A: 6 articles (01/2022 - 08/2018)
8.	Amani, Reza: 6 articles (03/2020 - 01/2015)
9.	Maes, Michael: 6 articles (01/2020 - 12/2016)
10.	Roomruangwong, Chutima: 6 articles (01/2020 - 12/2016)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Premenstrual Syndrome:

1.	Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors)IBA 12/07/2000 - "Premenstrual syndrome--a common complaint in women of reproductive age--can also be effectively treated with SSRIs." 09/30/2000 - "Efficacy of selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors in premenstrual syndrome: a systematic review." 01/01/2000 - "Although selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are considered the first-line treatment option for premenstrual syndrome, several other such options are also available. " 01/01/2023 - "We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, PubMed and CINAHL for randomised trials of intermittent compared with continuous dosing of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in premenstrual syndromes. " 01/01/2023 - "Intermittent selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for premenstrual syndromes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials."
2.	ProgesteroneFDA LinkGeneric 08/01/1983 - "Used appropriately, progesterone is an effective, apparently safe treatment for severe premenstrual syndrome. " 03/01/1995 - "To further investigate the efficacy of progesterone in the treatment of the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS). " 09/01/1999 - "Controlled studies have failed to confirm early open-label reports of the effectiveness of progesterone in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome. " 12/01/1997 - "Given the facilitory actions on GABAergic inhibitory neurotransmission exerted by certain progesterone metabolites, further studies on the GABAA receptor system in premenstrual syndrome are warranted. " 12/01/1993 - "This study did not find evidence of progesterone deficiency amongst sufferers of the premenstrual syndrome."
3.	Antidepressive Agents (Antidepressants)IBA 02/01/1999 - "Evidence that serotonergic antidepressants are effective for treating premenstrual syndrome (PMS) raises the question of whether dosing only in the symptomatic premenstrual phase is effective for this disorder. " 10/01/1999 - "The comparison of 2 classes of antidepressants strongly favored the serotonergic drug, which effectively reduced symptoms and improved functioning and was well tolerated by women with severe premenstrual syndrome. " 01/01/1996 - "Antidepressant medications have appeared to be effective treatments for premenstrual syndrome (PMS) in several small trials. " 01/01/1990 - "Despite many associations between premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and major depression, there have been no placebo-controlled trials of an antidepressant in this disorder. " 01/01/2000 - "Non-antidepressant treatment of premenstrual syndrome."
4.	Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)FDA Link 09/01/1988 - "LHRH agonists appear to be beneficial in the management of some women with severe premenstrual tension but intensify symptoms in others. " 02/01/1991 - "Although abolishment of ovarian cyclicity by the use of a long-acting GnRH agonist (GnRH-a) provides effective treatment for premenstrual syndrome (PMS), its use is limited by sequellae of the resultant hypoestrogenism. " 11/22/1984 - "In a crossover study conducted over a six-month period in eight patients with well-characterized premenstrual syndrome, physical and behavioral symptoms were relieved by daily administration of an agonist of gonadotropin-releasing hormone. " 06/01/1994 - "The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of ovarian suppression by a GnRH agonist analogue in 32 women with prospectively confirmed severe premenstrual tension. " 05/01/1993 - "Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) in depot form for once-a-month rather than daily injection was examined in a small open trial to determine the extent of reduction of premenstrual symptoms, particularly premenstrual "depression." Women who met criteria for premenstrual syndrome (PMS) or for PMS with comorbidity of major depression (MD), based on DSM-III-R criteria, were evaluated for the study. "
5.	Progestins (Progestagens)IBA 03/03/2017 - "A shortened seven-day course of a progestogen is required each month for endometrial protection but can reproduce premenstrual syndrome-type symptoms in these women. " 06/01/2012 - "A shortened seven-day course of a progestogen is required each month for endometrial protection but it can reproduce premenstrual syndrome-type symptoms in these women. " 05/01/2003 - "History of premenstrual syndrome, type of progestin, and dose of progestin have thus far been shown to influence the progestin-induced adverse mood symptoms during HRT. " 12/01/2000 - "Women with a history of premenstrual syndrome responded strongly to both progestogens. " 10/01/1999 - "Negative mood induction by progestagen is related to a history of premenstrual syndrome."
6.	CalciumIBA 01/01/2000 - "A recent double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 466 women with premenstrual syndrome reported that calcium was effective in reducing emotional, behavioral, and physical premenstrual symptoms. " 05/01/1989 - "Calcium supplementation is a simple and effective treatment for premenstrual syndrome, but further studies will be needed to determine its precise role in PMS." 06/01/2009 - "Scientific evidence suggests that cyclic fluctuations in a variety of nutrients, especially calcium, may help to explain some features of premenstrual syndrome (PMS). " 05/01/1989 - "To determine the efficacy of calcium supplementation in women with premenstrual syndrome (PMS). " 05/01/1989 - "Calcium supplementation in premenstrual syndrome: a randomized crossover trial."
7.	Fluoxetine (Prozac)FDA LinkGeneric 07/01/1998 - "Fluoxetine in 10-mg doses presented the best results for treating premenstrual syndrome." 05/01/1993 - "To assess the possible efficacy of fluoxetine hydrochloride in severe PMS (premenstrual syndrome, luteal phase dysphoric disorder), an open trial of this medication was undertaken on women with severe PMS. " 01/01/1993 - "Treatment of premenstrual syndrome with fluoxetine: an open study." 01/01/1993 - "This study extends our previous report of the efficacy and tolerability of fluoxetine in severe premenstrual syndrome (PMS), describes which aspects of the disorder are responsive to such treatment, and assesses the relationship between steady-state drug level and clinical outcome. " 11/01/2023 - "Low doses of fluoxetine for the treatment of emotional premenstrual syndrome: a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled, pilot study."
8.	Serotonin (5 Hydroxytryptamine)IBA 12/01/2011 - "To research the effect of the Jingqianshu granule (JQS) on the expression of serotonin receptor-1A (5-HT(1A)R) in hippocampus and hypothalamus of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) model rats with Liver-qi depression. " 09/01/1994 - "This result supports other evidence implicating serotonin in premenstrual syndrome." 09/01/1992 - "The role of serotonin in premenstrual syndrome." 06/01/1992 - "Inhibition of serotonin uptake in rat brain synaptosomes by plasma from patients with premenstrual syndrome." 01/01/1992 - "The possible role of serotonin in the pathophysiology of the premenstrual syndrome is discussed."
9.	Vitamin B 6IBA 04/01/2000 - "Poor-quality studies suggest that vitamin B(6) use is beneficial in premenstrual syndrome." 04/01/2000 - "Poor-quality studies suggest that vitamin B6 use is beneficial in premenstrual syndrome." 05/01/2015 - "A total of 30 participants aged 16-20 years and complaining of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) were randomly assigned into two groups: a control group received vitamin B6 and Ca supplements once daily and a study group received the same medical treatment and participated in treadmill training three times per week for 3 months. " 09/01/1990 - "A search of the literature yielded 12 controlled trials on vitamin B6 in the treatment of the premenstrual syndrome. " 12/01/2012 - "According to our findings, vitamin B6 and placebo had the most and least efficiency in improving the mean premenstrual syndrome score."
10.	MagnesiumIBA 12/01/2019 - "A number of studies have assessed the association between serum magnesium (Mg) and premenstrual syndrome (PMS) in different population, but the findings have been inconclusive. " 12/01/2019 - "The Association Between Serum Magnesium and Premenstrual Syndrome: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies." 04/15/1994 - "The purpose of this study was to evaluate blood magnesium (Mg) measures across the menstrual cycle in women with premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and control women. " 04/15/1994 - "Magnesium measures across the menstrual cycle in premenstrual syndrome." 08/01/1991 - "Reduced magnesium (Mg) levels have been reported in women affected by premenstrual syndrome (PMS). "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 10/01/1996 - "No single treatment is effective for all women with premenstrual syndrome (PMS), although most women can be helped with careful diagnosis and a systematic approach to potential therapies. " 06/01/1987 - "Exercise is commonly listed as a remedy for the premenstrual syndrome (PMS), although no study has proven that it is an effective therapy. " 09/01/1988 - "Therapies were classified as 'definitely effective' if their effectiveness was demonstrated in at least one randomized placebo-controlled study of women with cyclical mastopathy, 'probably effective' if their effectiveness in relieving breast symptoms was demonstrated in at least one study in women with premenstrual syndrome, and 'probably not effective' if they had not been shown to improve breast symptoms in at least two studies in women with premenstrual syndrome. " 11/01/1999 - "To evaluate the efficacy of chiropractic therapy on the treatment of symptoms associated with premenstrual syndrome. " 11/01/1999 - "A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial on the efficacy of chiropractic therapy on premenstrual syndrome."
2.	Aromatherapy 08/01/2018 - "The aromatherapy with Citrus aurantium blossom improved the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome." 01/01/2020 - "The purpose of this study is to quantify and summarize the effects of aromatherapy on premenstrual syndrome symptoms. " 01/01/2020 - "The Effects of Aromatherapy on Premenstrual Syndrome Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials." 09/01/2019 - "This study was designed to compare the effect of aromatherapy with Rosa Damascena and Citrus Aurantium blossom on psychological and physical symptoms and social functions of females with premenstrual syndrome. " 02/01/2018 - "This study aimed to determine the effect of aromatherapy on coping with premenstrual syndrome in university students. "
3.	Relaxation Therapy (Relaxation Technique) 01/01/2022 - "Relaxation therapy (RT) is considered to be helpful in the management of symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS). " 08/01/2023 - "Methodology The objective of the study was to evaluate and compare the clinical efficacy of Benson's relaxation technique to Laura Mitchell's physiological approach in patients with premenstrual syndrome. " 12/15/2019 - "The present study aimed to determine the impact of Benson's relaxation technique on oxidative stress indexes of premenstrual syndrome in students in Khoy University of Medical Sciences. " 08/01/2023 - "The Role of Benson's and Mitchell's Relaxation Techniques in the Management of Premenstrual Syndrome: An In-Depth Review." 01/01/2008 - "Effect of '61-points relaxation technique' on stress parameters in premenstrual syndrome."
4.	Ovariectomy (Oophorectomy) 01/01/1990 - "Lasting response to ovariectomy in severe intractable premenstrual syndrome." 04/01/2005 - "Hysterectomy and bilateral oophorectomy for severe premenstrual syndrome." 09/01/2004 - "Hysterectomy and bilateral oophorectomy for severe premenstrual syndrome." 01/01/1990 - "Ovariectomy with low-dose estrogen replacement is an effective alternative for the woman with debilitating premenstrual syndrome who does not respond to conventional interventions." 01/01/1990 - "The effect of hysterectomy and bilateral oophorectomy in women with severe premenstrual syndrome."
5.	Musculoskeletal Manipulations (Manipulative Therapy) 12/01/2021 - "Foot reflexology has shown promising results in reducing premenstrual syndrome symptoms." 01/01/2019 - "In this regard, interventional studies, which examined the impact of reflexology on women with premenstrual syndrome, were included. " 12/01/2021 - "To evaluate the effects of a foot reflexology protocol on relieving premenstrual syndrome symptoms in nursing students. " 12/01/2021 - "Effect of Foot Reflexology Protocol on Premenstrual Syndrome Symptoms in Nursing Students: a Pre-Post Pilot Study." 01/01/2019 - "Effects of reflexology on premenstrual syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis."