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Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A (PAPP-A)

A product of the PLACENTA, and DECIDUA, secreted into the maternal circulation during PREGNANCY. It has been identified as an IGF binding protein (IGFBP)-4 protease that proteolyzes IGFBP-4 and thus increases IGF bioavailability. It is found also in human FIBROBLASTS, ovarian FOLLICULAR FLUID, and GRANULOSA CELLS. The enzyme is a heterotetramer of about 500-kDa.
Also Known As:
PAPP-A; IGFBP-4 Metalloproteinase; IGFBP-4 Protease; IGFBP-4-Specific Proteinase; Insulin-Like Growth Factor-Dependent IGF Binding Protein-4 Protease; Insulin-Like-Growth Factor Binding Protein-4 Protease; PAPP-alpha; Pregnancy Associated alpha Plasma Protein; Pregnancy-Associated alpha-Plasma Protein; IGFBP 4 Metalloproteinase; IGFBP 4 Protease; Insulin Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 4 Protease; Insulin Like Growth Factor Dependent IGF Binding Protein 4 Protease; Metalloproteinase, IGFBP-4; PAPP alpha; Pregnancy Associated Plasma Protein A; Protease, IGFBP-4
Networked: 1204 relevant articles (34 outcomes, 237 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Bio-Agent Context: Research Results

Experts

1. Nicolaides, K H: 66 articles (01/2022 - 05/2000)
2. Nicolaides, Kypros H: 44 articles (12/2022 - 10/2002)
3. Conover, Cheryl A: 41 articles (01/2022 - 07/2004)
4. Spencer, K: 40 articles (09/2015 - 02/2000)
5. Oxvig, Claus: 33 articles (01/2022 - 04/2004)
6. Wright, D: 26 articles (01/2021 - 05/2008)
7. Spencer, Kevin: 25 articles (11/2013 - 10/2002)
8. Kagan, K O: 20 articles (01/2021 - 09/2007)
9. Bale, Laurie K: 19 articles (01/2022 - 07/2004)
10. Christiansen, Michael: 14 articles (11/2017 - 03/2002)

Related Diseases

1. Down Syndrome (Down's Syndrome)
01/01/2006 - "First trimester screening using maternal age, NT, free beta-hCG and PAPP-A is highly effective for the detection of trisomy 21 and is associated with a sensitivity of about 90% for 5% false-positive patients."
06/01/1998 - "This study evaluates diagnostic efficacy of PAPP-A and F beta-hCG in the detection of first trimester pregnancy abnormalities, including Down syndrome (DS). "
01/01/2019 - "The aim of the study was to analyze the correlation of multiples of the normal median of PAPP-A, free β-hCG levels and nuchal translucency values in prenatal, first trimester screening of trisomy 21 in pregnant women. "
03/15/2017 - "Combinations of NT with other ultrasound markers, PAPP-A and free ßhCG were evaluated in one or two studies and showed sensitivities of more than 90% and specificities of more than 95%.High-risk populations (defined before screening was done, mainly due to advanced maternal age of 35 years or more, or previous pregnancies affected with Down's syndrome) showed lower detection rates compared to routine screening populations at a 5% FPR. "
03/15/2017 - "Based on the indirect comparison of all available studies for the two tests, the sensitivity (95% confidence interval) estimated at a 5% FPR for the combined NT, PAPP-A, free ßhCG and maternal age test strategy (69 studies; 1,173,853 fetuses including 6010 with Down's syndrome) was 87% (86 to 89) and for the NT and maternal age test strategy (50 studies; 530,874 fetuses including 2701 Down's syndrome pregnancies) was 71% (66 to 75). "
2. Pre-Eclampsia (Preeclampsia)
3. Acute Coronary Syndrome
4. Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension (Hypertension, Pregnancy Induced)
5. Gestational Diabetes (Gestational Diabetes Mellitus)

Related Drugs and Biologics

1. Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A (PAPP-A)
2. Chorionic Gonadotropin (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin)
3. Biomarkers (Surrogate Marker)
4. Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins (Growth Factors)
5. Proteins (Proteins, Gene)
6. alpha-Fetoproteins (alpha-Fetoprotein)
7. Placental Hormones
8. Blood Proteins (Serum Proteins)
9. Insulin-Like Growth Factor I (IGF-1)
10. Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 4

Related Therapies and Procedures

1. Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
2. Stents
3. Therapeutics
4. Cesarean Section (Caesarean Section)
5. Glycemic Control