Secondary Parkinson Disease (Secondary Parkinsonism)

Conditions which feature clinical manifestations resembling primary Parkinson disease that are caused by a known or suspected condition. Examples include parkinsonism caused by vascular injury, drugs, trauma, toxin exposure, neoplasms, infections and degenerative or hereditary conditions. Clinical features may include bradykinesia, rigidity, parkinsonian gait, and masked facies. In general, tremor is less prominent in secondary parkinsonism than in the primary form. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch38, pp39-42)

Also Known As:

Networked: 69 relevant articles (2 outcomes, 5 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Parkinson Disease (Parkinson's Disease)
2.	Pseudohypoparathyroidism
3.	Intracranial Arteriosclerosis (Cerebral Atherosclerosis)
4.	Parkinsonian Disorders (Parkinsonism)
5.	Dystonia (Limb Dystonia)

Experts

1.	Abboud, Hesham: 2 articles (06/2022 - 12/2014)
2.	Mehanna, Raja: 2 articles (01/2019 - 12/2014)
3.	Elkasaby, Mohamed: 1 article (06/2022)
4.	Sarin, Shlok: 1 article (06/2022)
5.	Wang, Alexander: 1 article (06/2022)
6.	Hong, Sang-Wook: 1 article (05/2022)
7.	Shin, Hae-Won: 1 article (05/2022)
8.	Youn, Young Chul: 1 article (05/2022)
9.	Preskorn, Sheldon H: 1 article (03/2022)
10.	Chang, Chiung-Chih: 1 article (01/2022)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Secondary Parkinson Disease:

1.	Levodopa (L Dopa)FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/2014 - "Here, we define synaptic plasticity abnormalities in these pathways associated with parkinsonism, symptomatic benefits of l-DOPA, and LID. " 07/01/2013 - "L-dopa responsive parkinsonism secondary to a subdural haematoma." 01/01/2012 - "This case suggests that DBS may be considered in the setting of secondary parkinsonism if such patients have levodopa-responsive symptoms." 01/01/1984 - "Based on the established electrophoretic mobility of L-DOPA and on pathogenetic assumptions, the authors carried out multiple modality treatment employing transcerebral L-DOPA electrophoresis in 48 patients with postencephalic and atherosclerotic parkinsonism. " 01/01/2012 - "Motor improvement with bilateral subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation in a patient with levodopa-responsive secondary parkinsonism."
2.	CalciumIBA 03/01/2017 - "We report a case of patient with parkinsonism secondary to pseudohypoparathyroidism, who improved markedly after the supplement of serum calcium. " 05/10/1993 - "Hypoparathyroidism and other disorders of calcium metabolism are recognized causes of secondary parkinsonism, while hyperparathyroidism is not. "
3.	Antipsychotic Agents (Antipsychotics)IBA 12/01/2005 - "In the current study, the role of the glabelar sign was evaluated as a clinical component of the secondary parkinsonism induced by neuroleptics. " 12/01/2005 - "These results suggested that glabelar sign measures a condition different from secondary parkinsonism induced by neuroleptics. " 12/01/2005 - "One hundred three patients having secondary parkinsonism induced by neuroleptics were evaluated. " 07/01/2017 - "Neuroleptic-like Malignant Syndrome After Battery Depletion in a Patient with Deep Brain Stimulation for Secondary Parkinsonism." 12/01/2005 - "Patients with psychosis having secondary parkinsonism induced by neuroleptics were evaluated with the Simpson-Angus Rating Scale for extrapyramidal side effects. "
4.	1- Methyl- 4- phenyl- 1,2,3,6- tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)IBA 04/01/2012 - "To determine whether a homologous metabolic pattern is also present in nonhuman primate models of parkinsonism, 11 adult macaque monkeys with parkinsonism secondary to chronic systemic 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and 12 age-matched healthy animals were scanned with [(18)F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET). " 01/01/1993 - "In this debate, while MPTP has proven to be a most amenable model for the study of secondary parkinsonism it has not resolved the dilemma; equally uncertain are the claims derived from the MPTP hypothesis of nigral vulnerability that selective MAO inhibition has a protective effect on the natural history of Parkinson's disease. " 08/01/1998 - "From observations in brain of patients with secondary parkinsonism, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine parkinsonism in the rhesus monkey, as well as the regional DA transporter distribution in the primate substantia nigra, it is concluded that PD may be caused by any exogenous and/or endogenous toxin using the transporter system for DA and to some degree the other brain monoamines (noradrenaline, serotonin), to enter, and damage, the respective monoamine neurons. "
5.	fluorodopa F 18IBA 06/01/1996 - "Secondary parkinsonism due to focal substantia nigra lesions: a PET study with [18F]FDG and [18F]fluorodopa." 11/01/2003 - "We successfully treated a child with parkinsonism secondary to cytosine arabinoside with levodopa/carbidopa and attempted to elucidate the pathogenesis of the disorder by sequential analysis of cerebrospinal fluid biogenic amines, sequential magnetic resonance imaging, and fluorodopa positron emission tomography, which revealed both permanent and reversible biochemical and structural alterations. "
6.	alpha-SynucleinIBA 04/15/2008 - "In this study we evaluated the apoptotic response to oxidative stress induced by 2-deoxy-d-ribose (dRib) in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) of two siblings with Parkinson disease secondary to A53T alpha-synuclein mutation. " 04/15/2008 - "Oxidative-stress-induced apoptosis in PBLs of two patients with Parkinson disease secondary to alpha-synuclein mutation."
7.	Monoamine Oxidase (MAO)IBA 01/01/1993 - "In this debate, while MPTP has proven to be a most amenable model for the study of secondary parkinsonism it has not resolved the dilemma; equally uncertain are the claims derived from the MPTP hypothesis of nigral vulnerability that selective MAO inhibition has a protective effect on the natural history of Parkinson's disease. "
8.	Histamine (Histamine Dihydrochloride)FDA Link 01/01/1975 - "The authors conducted a study of the histamine system (H), diaminoxidase (DO), histaminopexic index (HPI) using the biological method in 127 patients with hypertensive disease and cerebral atherosclerosis with brain circulation disturbances and in 23 patients with atherosclerotic parkinsonism. "
9.	ManganeseIBA 07/01/2020 - "Benign SLC39A14 Course of Dystonia-Parkinsonism Secondary to Inherited Manganese Accumulation." 01/01/2014 - "It has been observed that cognitive dysfunction seen in parkinsonism secondary to chronic manganese intoxication may be long-lasting and may not recover as observed in motor dysfunction." 01/01/2011 - "Specification of differential diagnostic criteria is required for diagnosis of occupational manganese intoxication and ruling out Parkinson disease and secondary parkinsonism in the patients." 09/01/2001 - "The results of all the investigations done to rule out secondary Parkinsonism were normal, except for the plasma manganese level which was raised, although it returned to normal when the probable source of exposure to this metal was removed. "
10.	Dopamine (Intropin)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/1989 - "[EEG changes and symptomatic parkinsonism after intracaudate administration of dopamine antibodies]." 06/01/2010 - "To evaluate whether dopamine transport system imaging by FP-CIT single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) can be helpful to differentiate idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD) from secondary Parkinsonism induced by amiodarone. " 01/01/2023 - "Secondary parkinsonism induced by exposure to dopamine (DA) receptor antagonists as first and second generation antipsychotics, DA storage depleters, calcium channel blockers, benzamides substituted and other classes of drugs is traditionally believed to be completely reversible in most of patients following withdrawal of the offending drug even though after a variable time delay. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Deep Brain Stimulation 01/01/2012 - "Motor improvement with bilateral subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation in a patient with levodopa-responsive secondary parkinsonism." 07/01/2017 - "Neuroleptic-like Malignant Syndrome After Battery Depletion in a Patient with Deep Brain Stimulation for Secondary Parkinsonism." 01/01/2017 - "Pallidal Deep Brain Stimulation for the Treatment of Levodopa-Responsive Juvenile Dystonia and Parkinsonism Secondary to SPG11 Mutation."
2.	Therapeutics 01/01/2012 - "Despite the diagnosis of a secondary parkinsonism, this patient responded well to dopaminergic therapy, a good predictor of DBS outcome in patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease. "
3.	Radiotherapy 01/01/2019 - "Patients with alleged MSA or PD from outside hospitals, atypical or secondary parkinsonism, and any history of pelvic operation or radiation therapy were excluded. " 06/01/2006 - "Secondary parkinsonism is uncommon in children and exceedingly rare after cranial radiotherapy. " 06/01/2006 - "Secondary parkinsonism in childhood: A rare complication after radiotherapy." 02/01/2003 - "Secondary parkinsonism: an unusual late complication of craniospinal radiotherapy given to a 16-month child."
4.	Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt 01/01/2021 - "Parkinsonism secondary to ventriculoperitoneal shunt in a patient with hydrocephalus."
5.	Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) 07/01/2015 - "Among them, 35 patients were diagnosed as PD with CPR of 436/10(5); three cases were diagnosed as drug-induced Parkinsonism with CPR 37/10(5); two cases had atherosclerotic Parkinsonism with CPR 25/10(5).Age-specific CPR of PD among population aged ≥ 50 years old was 2534/10(5).The highest age-specific CPR was recorded among subjects ≥ 75 years old. "