Parkinson Disease (Parkinson's Disease)

A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)

Also Known As:

Parkinson's Disease; Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease; Parkinsonism, Primary; Lewy Body Parkinson's Disease; Parkinson Disease, Idiopathic; Parkinson's Disease, Idiopathic; Parkinson's Disease, Lewy Body; Idiopathic Parkinson Disease; Lewy Body Parkinson Disease; Paralysis Agitans; Primary Parkinsonism

Networked: 59384 relevant articles (3461 outcomes, 7821 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Nervous System Diseases: 14178
- Neurodegenerative Diseases: 42472
  - Synucleinopathies: 2123
    - Parkinson Disease: 59384
- Central Nervous System Diseases: 4213
  - Brain Diseases: 15694
    - Basal Ganglia Diseases: 346
      - Parkinsonian Disorders: 9203
        Parkinson Disease: 59384
        Parkinson Disease 16: 17
        Autosomal Dominant Lewy Body Parkinson Disease 4: 14
        Infantile Parkinsonism-Dystonia: 12
        Parkinson Disease 13: 10
        Type 1 Familial Parkinson Disease: 10
        Progressive supranuclear palsy atypical: 5
        Parkinson Disease 10: 4
        Parkinson Disease 11: 3
        early onset with mental retardation Parkinsonism: 2
        Parkinson Disease 12: 2
        Parkinson disease 3: 2
        Autosomal Dominant Lewy Body Parkinson Disease 3
        Autosomal Recessive Early-Onset Parkinson Disease 6
        Autosomal Recessive Early-Onset Parkinson Disease 7
        Mitochondrial Parkinson Disease
        Of Hunt Juvenile Paralysis Agitans
  - Movement Disorders: 4634
    - Parkinsonian Disorders: 9203
      - Parkinson Disease: 59384
        Parkinson Disease 16: 17
        Autosomal Dominant Lewy Body Parkinson Disease 4: 14
        Infantile Parkinsonism-Dystonia: 12
        Parkinson Disease 13: 10
        Type 1 Familial Parkinson Disease: 10
        Progressive supranuclear palsy atypical: 5
        Parkinson Disease 10: 4
        Parkinson Disease 11: 3
        early onset with mental retardation Parkinsonism: 2
        Parkinson Disease 12: 2
        Parkinson disease 3: 2
        Autosomal Dominant Lewy Body Parkinson Disease 3
        Autosomal Recessive Early-Onset Parkinson Disease 6
        Autosomal Recessive Early-Onset Parkinson Disease 7
        Mitochondrial Parkinson Disease
        Of Hunt Juvenile Paralysis Agitans

Related Diseases

1.	Dyskinesias (Dyskinesia)
2.	Alzheimer Disease (Alzheimer's Disease)
3.	Neurodegenerative Diseases (Neurodegenerative Disease)
4.	Tremor (Tremors)
5.	Dementia (Dementias)

Experts

1.	Hattori, Nobutaka: 228 articles (05/2022 - 05/2002)
2.	Lang, Anthony E: 171 articles (01/2022 - 01/2002)
3.	Antonini, Angelo: 169 articles (09/2022 - 11/2003)
4.	Masliah, Eliezer: 166 articles (05/2022 - 03/2002)
5.	Okun, Michael S: 161 articles (06/2022 - 05/2002)
6.	Poewe, Werner: 149 articles (09/2022 - 03/2003)
7.	Bezard, Erwan: 138 articles (04/2022 - 03/2003)
8.	Rascol, Olivier: 136 articles (09/2022 - 01/2003)
9.	Hauser, Robert A: 133 articles (03/2022 - 05/2000)
10.	Jankovic, Joseph: 128 articles (02/2022 - 02/2002)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Parkinson Disease:

1.	Levodopa (L Dopa)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2018 - "To study the efficacy of replacement of the single daily dose of two-component levodopa by three-component levodopa in work capable patients with Parkinson's disease with motor fluctuations during the most active working hours. " 04/01/1997 - "In conclusion, the dual-release formulation of L-Dopa either introduced or substituted for the best treatment available showed good clinical efficacy and tolerability in all stages of the evolution of idiopathic Parkinson's disease treatment in this 14-week open-label study." 04/19/2023 - "L-DOPA (levodopa) is a therapeutic agent which is the most effective medication for treating Parkinson's disease, but it needs dose optimization, and therefore its analytical determination is required. " 03/01/2023 - "Oral levodopa is the most effective treatment for Parkinson disease, but OFF periods emerge over time. " 01/01/2023 - "Levodopa is the most effective agent for treating the symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). "
2.	Dopamine (Intropin)FDA LinkGeneric 10/01/1999 - "The paradoxical hyperdopaminergia in the DAT KO mice despite a marked decrease in TH and dopamine levels suggests a parallel to Parkinson's disease implying that blockade of DAT may be beneficial in this condition." 02/10/2021 - "PREP inhibitors have been shown to have beneficial effects in Parkinson's disease models by enhancing the clearance of aSyn aggregates and modulating striatal dopamine. " 01/01/2020 - "In conclusion, our findings suggest that BNN-20 may serve as a lead molecule for new therapeutic compounds for Parkinson's disease, combining strong anti-neuroinflammatory and neuroprotective properties, leading to elevated dopamine levels and improved motor activity." 09/01/2004 - "The primary pathology of Parkinson's disease is the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the nigrostriatal pathway, resulting in a significant reduction in striatum dopamine concentration which is responsible for the altered motor functions. " 01/01/2002 - "The primary pathology of Parkinson's disease is the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the nigrostriatal pathway, resulting in a significant reduction in striatum dopamine concentration which is responsible for the altered motor functions. "
3.	1- Methyl- 4- phenyl- 1,2,3,6- tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)IBA 01/01/2000 - "The present study investigates the efficacy of this compound to prevent the behavioral consequences of dopaminergic cell death in the best animal model of Parkinson's disease, the bilaterally MPTP-treated monkey. " 12/01/2021 - "Moreover, in MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease model mice, the genetic knockdown of endogenous MHC-I, which was caused by injecting specific adenovirus into the substantia nigra, led to a significant reduction in CD8+ T cell infiltration and alleviated dopaminergic neuronal death. " 04/23/2015 - "Moreover, StA conferred significant protection against MPTP-induced loss of TH-positive dopaminergic neurons in a Parkinson's disease (PD) mice model. " 01/01/2012 - "In conclusion, the present results reveal the evidence that SHXT possesses beneficial protection against MPTP-induced neurotoxicity in this model of Parkinson's disease via its antioxidative and antiapoptotic effects. " 11/01/1991 - "In primates made DA supersensitive either with MPTP or as a result of Parkinson's disease, on the other hand, D2 but not D1 agonists are effective in reversing locomotor deficits.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)"
4.	Dopamine Agonists (Dopamine Agonist)IBA 01/01/2008 - "Considerable methodological differences in the identified studies complicate a comparison and impede clear evidence as to which dopamine agonist treatment is the most cost effective in early Parkinson's disease. " 01/01/2022 - "Non-ergot dopamine agonist (NEDA) are recommended as the first-line treatment for patients with early Parkinson's disease (PD) because of their efficacy in treating PD motor symptoms. " 08/15/2017 - "Dopamine agonists are a mainstay of treatment for patients with Parkinson disease (PD). " 12/01/2003 - "Dopamine agonists are effective in the management of both advanced and early-stage Parkinson's disease. " 12/01/2003 - "Oral dopamine agonists are effective for treating early Parkinson's disease (PD). "
5.	SynucleinsIBA 01/01/2021 - "Our improved α-synuclein seed amplification assay dramatically reduces the time needed to diagnose Parkinson's disease while maintaining the high-performance standards associated with previous α-synuclein seed assays, supporting the clinical utility of this assay for Parkinson's disease diagnosis." 01/01/2020 - "Studies in a Caenorhabditis elegans model of Parkinson's Disease, prove that these in vitro properties are translated into a significant reduction in the accumulation of α-Synuclein inclusions in ZPDm treated animals. " 12/01/2020 - "As reported for early-stage Parkinson's disease, α-synuclein mice exhibited a significant reduction in cortical cerebral blood flow, which was accompanied by motor coordination deficits and olfactory dysfunction. " 01/01/2018 - "This latter finding confirms that a pathway involving Rab7 and FYCO1 stimulates degradation of α-synuclein and could be beneficial in patients with Parkinson's disease. " 01/01/2014 - "These data confirm that overexpression of Hsp70 holds significant potential as a disease-modulating therapeutic approach for Parkinson's disease, with protective effects against early-onset α-synuclein-induced pathology demonstrated in the AAV-α-synuclein model."
6.	Apomorphine FDA Link 09/01/2000 - "Given the marked degree of efficacy of subcutaneous apomorphine treatment in fluctuating Parkinson's disease, this approach seems to deserve more widespread clinical use." 01/01/2008 - "In three pivotal, randomized, placebo-controlled trials, subcutaneous apomorphine was effective in acutely treating "off" episodes, significantly improving Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale motor scores and reducing the number of "off" hours per day, with a significantly shorter time to patient-declared onset of relief than placebo. " 02/27/2009 - "The result indicated that combined treatment of neurotrophin-3 gene and neural stem cells had a functional impact on reversing the main symptoms of the Parkinson's disease that significantly reduced apomorphine-induced rotational asymmetry and improved spatial learning ability. " 01/01/2022 - "Subcutaneous night-time only apomorphine infusion improved sleep disturbances according to difference on PDSS score, with an overall safety profile consistent with previous studies in Parkinson's disease. " 08/01/2014 - "Sustained efficacy of apomorphine in Japanese patients with advanced Parkinson's disease."
7.	Selegiline (E250)FDA LinkGeneric 05/01/2003 - "Deprenyl and other propargylamines are clinically beneficial in Parkinson's disease (PD). " 01/01/1986 - "Overall, (-)deprenyl was effective in the treatment of our parkinsonian patients in the various conditions evaluated, and thus constitutes a new therapeutic strategy for Parkinson's disease." 01/01/1989 - "In order to evaluate in a double-blind manner the therapeutic efficacy of selegiline in the treatment of late-phase Parkinson's disease, 19 patients with end-of-dose type fluctuations were randomized for a double-blind cross-over trial receiving either selegiline 10 mg or placebo. " 01/01/2017 - "Selegiline [(-)-deprenyl] is widely used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease in humans. " 01/01/1989 - "According to the present results selegiline monotherapy seems to have therapeutic efficacy in the early phase of Parkinson's disease. "
8.	Carbidopa (Lodosyn)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2004 - "The efficacy of domestic drug tremonorm (levadopa-carbidopa) for Parkinson's disease (PD) treatment was studied. " 01/01/1973 - "A double-blind controlled study of MK-486 in Parkinson's disease." 01/01/2022 - "We further show that carbidopa, an FDA-approved drug for Parkinson's disease as well as an AhR agonist, inhibits IDO1 expression in PDAC cells. " 01/01/2020 - "PK and safety profiles of single dose CVT-301, administered with oral carbidopa (CD) and oral CD/LD, were examined in patients with Parkinson's disease in the fed state. " 01/01/2019 - "We present a 48-year-old woman with Parkinson's disease in whom carbidopa was added to Mucuna pruriens, resulting in marked motor improvement (documented on video and using MDS-UPDRS motor scores). "
9.	Proteins (Proteins, Gene)FDA Link 10/01/2023 - "The resulting WB data confirmed the age-associated and neuron-specific features of hiNs and revealed a significant reduction in two Parkinson's disease-associated proteins, UCHL1 and GAP43, in normal aging dopaminergic neurons. " 09/01/2014 - "Upregulation and/or maintenance of Parkinson's disease (PD)-related beneficial proteins such as Parkin and DJ-1 in astrocytes during neurodegenerative insults may have therapeutic efficacy in PD. " 01/01/2016 - "Therapeutic protein delivery using viral vectors has shown promise in preclinical models of Parkinson's disease (PD) but clinical trial success remains elusive. " 08/01/2014 - "These results suggest that the GP has protective effects against MPP(+)-induced neuronal apoptosis in PC12 cells by suppressing apoptosis-related protein, and therefore, might likely be a promising candidate for the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). " 06/13/2022 - "This action helps to prevent and treat diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease (PD) by increasing clearance of pathologic proteins. "
10.	Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (GDNF)IBA 01/01/2020 - "Several studies indicate that increasing GDNF levels may be beneficial for the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) by reducing neurodegeneration of DA neurons. " 04/01/2007 - "Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) infused unilaterally into the putamen for 6 months has been previously shown to improve significantly motor functions and quality of life measures in 10 patients with Parkinson disease (PD) in a Phase I trial. " 05/15/2006 - "Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) infused unilaterally into the putamen for 6 months was previously shown to improve motor functions and quality of life measures significantly in 10 patients with Parkinson disease (PD) in a Phase I trial. " 11/01/2018 - "Therapeutic efficacy of regulable GDNF expression for Huntington's and Parkinson's disease by a high-induction, background-free "GeneSwitch" vector." 09/20/2011 - "Is GDNF beneficial in Parkinson disease?"

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Deep Brain Stimulation 01/01/2019 - "Clinical trials have established subthalamic deep-brain-stimulation (STN-DBS) as a highly effective treatment for motor symptoms of Parkinson disease (PD), but in clinical practice outcomes are variable. " 03/11/2023 - "Although subthalamic deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a highly-effective treatment for alleviating motor dysfunction in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), clinicians currently lack reliable neurophysiological correlates of clinical outcomes for optimizing DBS parameter settings, which may contribute to treatment inefficacies. " 01/01/2023 - "Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a highly efficacious treatment for appropriately selected patients with advanced, medically refractory Parkinson's disease (PD). " 01/01/2023 - "Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is highly effective in controlling the symptoms of Parkinson's disease, sometimes alongside speech improvement, but subthalamic nucleus (STN) DBS can also lead to decreases in semantic and phonological fluency. " 01/01/2023 - "Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is highly effective in controlling motor symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease. "
2.	Therapeutics 01/01/2021 - "Therefore, we conduct a network meta-analysis to assess the relative efficacy of aerobic and mind-body exercise on motor function and non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease and to determine which of these therapies are the most suitable. " 12/01/2019 - "The neurobiological basis of gait freezing in Parkinson's disease is poorly understood and thus, currently available therapies are partially effective at best. " 12/01/2018 - "Adjunctive Therapies in Parkinson's Disease: How to Choose the Best Treatment Strategy Approach." 04/01/2014 - "Despite remarkable advances in Parkinson's disease (PD) research, the pathophysiological mechanisms causing motor dysfunction remain unclear, possibly delaying the advent of new and improved therapies. " 01/01/2014 - "Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) experience progressive neurological decline, and future interventional therapies are thought to show most promise in early stages of the disease. "
3.	Transplantation 11/01/2010 - "The results of this long-term study suggest that HUMSCs transplantation, 1 of the most potential treatments for Parkinson's disease, is an effective and safe approach." 05/15/2001 - "One of the critical variables that influences the efficacy of clinical neural transplantation for Parkinson's disease (PD) is optimal graft placement. " 03/08/2001 - "Transplantation of human embryonic dopamine neurons into the brains of patients with Parkinson's disease has proved beneficial in open clinical trials. " 01/01/2021 - "Over the past two decades, transplantation of neural stem cells (NSCs) from fetal brain-derived neural stem cells (fNSCs), human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has been shown to improve the symptoms of motor dysfunction in Parkinson's disease (PD) animal models and PD patients significantly. " 01/01/2019 - "Exploratory studies using human foetal tissue or predifferentiated stem cells have suggested that intracerebral transplantation of dopaminergic precursor cells may become an effective treatment for patients with Parkinson's disease. "
4.	Pallidotomy 10/09/1997 - "Posteroventral medial pallidotomy sometimes produces striking improvement in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease, but the studies to date have involved small numbers of patients and short-term follow-up. " 01/01/1998 - "Because interruption of pallidal outflow signals by pallidotomy is believed to play an important role in the motor improvement in Parkinson's disease, the anatomical relationship of the two major pallidofugal tracts, namely the ansa lenticularis (AL) and the fasciculus lenticularis (FL) to the Leksell pallidotomy target (LPT) were studied. " 07/20/2002 - "Although significant improvement of motor function following bilateral pallidotomy for the treatment of Parkinson's disease has been proved, the cognitive sequelae have not been clearly defined. " 12/01/2000 - "Electrophysiologically defined lesion of GPi for posteroventral pallidotomy, shown to be effective for treating Parkinson's disease, is located at a significantly different site from the ventriculography based theoretical target." 12/01/1999 - "Despite the findings of significantly improved motor functioning following pallidotomy for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, the cognitive sequelae following surgery have yet to be clearly defined. "
5.	Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation 04/01/2009 - "Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has shown promising results in treating Parkinson's disease (PD), but the best values for rTMS parameters are not established. " 01/01/2020 - "Background: Pilot open-label application of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) with H-coil in Parkinson's Disease (PD) have shown promising results. " 07/01/2008 - "To obtain preliminary data on the effects of high-intensity exercise on functional performance in people with Parkinson's disease (PD) relative to exercise at low and no intensity and to determine whether improved performance is accompanied by alterations in corticomotor excitability as measured through transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). " 05/15/2007 - "Repeated session of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over motor cortex have been reported to produce significant improvement of motor performance in patients with parkinson's disease (PD). " 01/01/1999 - "Lack of clinical improvement in patients with Parkinson's disease after low and high frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation."