Parakeratosis

Persistence of the nuclei of the keratinocytes into the stratum corneum of the skin. This is a normal state only in the epithelium of true mucous membranes in the mouth and vagina. (Dorland, 27th ed)

Also Known As:

Networked: 312 relevant articles (13 outcomes, 11 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Inflammation (Inflammations)
2.	Psoriasis (Pustulosis Palmaris et Plantaris)
3.	Papilloma (Papillomatosis)
4.	Carcinoma (Carcinomatosis)
5.	Otitis

Experts

1.	Haftek, M: 3 articles (10/2014 - 01/2003)
2.	Wetter, Joseph B: 2 articles (01/2022 - 01/2020)
3.	Fischer, Matthias: 2 articles (02/2021 - 09/2004)
4.	Li, Ping: 2 articles (01/2021 - 10/2017)
5.	Li, Xue: 2 articles (01/2021 - 10/2017)
6.	Lin, Yan: 2 articles (01/2021 - 10/2017)
7.	Liu, Weihong: 2 articles (01/2021 - 10/2017)
8.	Xie, Xinran: 2 articles (01/2021 - 10/2017)
9.	Zhang, Lei: 2 articles (01/2021 - 10/2017)
10.	Bannoehr, Jeanette: 2 articles (01/2020 - 01/2013)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Parakeratosis:

1.	Tretinoin (Retinoic Acid)FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/2002 - "Granular parakeratosis: resolution with topical tretinoin." 11/01/2002 - "We report a case of a granular parakeratosis of the axilla that cleared rapidly with topical administration of tretinoin." 01/01/1996 - "The addition of 1 microM 13-cis retinoic acid caused a significant reduction in the rate of DNA synthesis and apparent parakeratosis. " 01/01/1992 - "The reactivities for both loricrin and loricrin mRNAs were abolished by a treatment of the cultures with a retinoic acid concentration (10(-6) M) provoking a complete inhibition of terminal epidermal differentiation (parakeratosis). " 08/01/1992 - "The causal relationship of the expression of the 65 kD and 48 kD keratins with this particular type of a non-pathological epithelial parakeratosis is emphasized by the suppression of the mRNA synthesis of the two keratins during retinoic acid mediated orthokeratotic conversion of tail scale epidermis. "
2.	Keratins (Keratin)IBA 09/01/2023 - "Prominent wedge-shaped parakeratosis (p = 0.04) and keratin projections above the epithelium/epidermis (p < 0.001) were more prevalent in extraoral lesions. " 01/01/2022 - "Histopathological examination showed keratinized epithelial layer with acanthosis and hyperkeratosis, invagination with the formation of keratin plugs, and basophilic cell debris accompanied by parakeratosis and abnormal keratinization of epithelial cells. " 01/15/2012 - "Histology revealed a keratin filled deep invagination of the epidermis, notable for a column of parakeratosis ("cornoid lamella"). " 05/01/2008 - "Histology showed a keratin-filled cuplike crater with an epithelial proliferation (hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis, no keratinocyte atypia). " 07/01/2004 - "The cell loss was compensated by hyperproliferation of the distal matrix and of the nail bed keratinocytes, with persistent marked parakeratosis and loose arrangement of keratin bundles. "
3.	DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)IBA 06/01/2019 - "HPV DNA was high copy and localized to the upper half of the lesion in cells with cytologic features that included perinuclear halos, blue-grey cytoplasm, and hyper/parakeratosis. " 04/01/2017 - "Our results demonstrate that a finding of parakeratosis on an otherwise negative Pap smear supports a follow-up HPV DNA test. " 01/01/2017 - "In contrast to Dnase1l2 -/- mice and keratinocyte-specific DNase2 knockout mice (Dnase2 Δep ), Dnase1l2 -/- Dnase2 Δep mice aberrantly retained nuclear DNA in the stratum corneum, a phenomenon commonly referred to as parakeratosis. " 01/01/2017 - "Inactivation of DNase1L2 and DNase2 in keratinocytes suppresses DNA degradation during epidermal cornification and results in constitutive parakeratosis." 05/01/2000 - "In these mice, DNA synthesis is activated in suprabasal keratinocytes, leading to acanthosis, parakeratosis and enhanced desquamation. "
4.	CytokinesIBA 01/01/2022 - "Certain morphological features of psoriatic epidermis were evident in cytokine-stimulated RHEs, including hypogranulosis and parakeratosis. " 01/01/2022 - "It showed >90% and >100% recovery in Th-17 and Th-1 cell-specific cytokines, respectively, and restored epidermal hyperplasia and parakeratosis toward normal compared with psoriatic mice. " 02/01/2019 - "WfAuNPs-Carbopol® 934 was found to be exerting better therapeutic effect in reducing the mean DAI score (0.63 ± 0.08), serum cytokines (TNF-α, IL-22 and IL-23) levels along with reduced epidermal thickness, parakeratosis and marked decrease in the hyperproliferation of keratinocytes. " 09/14/2023 - "Indeed, after the addition of cytokines, a decrease in epidermal thickness, parakeratosis, and induction of IL-6 was detected. " 10/01/2003 - "The diffuse coexpression of K16 with K1 and K10 throughout the analysed epidermis, as well as the occurrence of restricted areas of parakeratosis expressing K6, indicate the presence of keratinocyte activation with induction of the alternative keratinization pathway, probably dependent on the cytokines liberated by the mononuclear cells of the dermal inflammatory infiltrate infected with HTLV-I. The absence of acanthosis and of increased cellular kinetics, as shown by the low rate of Ki-67 antigen expression, allow the inference that the pattern of acquired ichthyosis related to HTLV-I-associated myelopathy may be retentional. "
5.	VX (EDIM)IBA 09/01/2011 - "Under microscopy, the VX lesions displayed parakeratosis, acanthosis without atypia, and elongated rete ridges. " 06/01/2016 - "Histologically, VX is characterized by parakeratosis, rete ridges of uniform depth and the accumulation of foam cells, which are also called "xanthoma cells". " 12/01/2013 - "Histologically, VX is characterized by parakeratosis, rete ridges with uniform depth, and an accumulation of the foam cells, which are also known as the "xanthoma cells". " 04/01/2013 - "Histologically, VX is characterized by subepithelial foamy histiocytes associated with papillomatosis, parakeratosis, and dyskeratosis. " 09/01/2023 - "Familiarity with the broad morphological spectrum of VX, including the presence and degree of wedge-shaped parakeratosis, keratin projections above the epithelium/epidermis, and associated underlying inflammation, will be helpful in diagnosing it in unusual locations."
6.	Therapeutic UsesIBA 02/01/2019 - "WfAuNPs-Carbopol® 934 was found to be exerting better therapeutic effect in reducing the mean DAI score (0.63 ± 0.08), serum cytokines (TNF-α, IL-22 and IL-23) levels along with reduced epidermal thickness, parakeratosis and marked decrease in the hyperproliferation of keratinocytes. "
7.	Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor)IBA 08/01/2013 - "Systemic treatment with SKLB1002 reduced symptoms of ear inflammation in K14/VEGF transgenic mice, the pathological score was significantly decreased, and acanthosis, focal parakeratosis, hyperkeratosis and hemangiectasis were improved. "
8.	Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 (Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1)IBA 08/01/1992 - "Lesional skin samples demonstrated (1) gradual improvement in parakeratosis, papillomatosis and acanthosis, (2) decreased expression of ICAM-1 and HLA-DR by keratinocytes, (3) an increase in CD1a+ Langerhans cell number, (4) partial decrease in epidermal T cell infiltrate and (5) no major change in the dermal infiltrate composed of CD3+, TcR alpha beta+, CD45Ro+, HLA-DR+ T cells. "
9.	alpha-beta T-Cell Antigen Receptors (T-Cell Receptor alpha-Chain)IBA 08/01/1992 - "Lesional skin samples demonstrated (1) gradual improvement in parakeratosis, papillomatosis and acanthosis, (2) decreased expression of ICAM-1 and HLA-DR by keratinocytes, (3) an increase in CD1a+ Langerhans cell number, (4) partial decrease in epidermal T cell infiltrate and (5) no major change in the dermal infiltrate composed of CD3+, TcR alpha beta+, CD45Ro+, HLA-DR+ T cells. "
10.	N-Methylaspartate (NMDA)IBA 09/01/2004 - "Thus, the occurrence of parakeratosis in psoriasis vulgaris, but not in verrucae vulgares, was characterized by a significant reduction in the NMDA ratio (reduced expression of NMDAR1 in the upper epidermis). "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 05/01/2008 - "The relationship between granular parakeratosis and chemotherapy is discussed." 08/01/1987 - "Histological study of the lesions showed microscopically invasive cancer in 8 patients, carcinoma in situ in 4, grades II and III dysplasia in 5, hyperkeratosis or parakeratosis in 10, pigmented lesions in 2, papilloma in 1 and no residual disease after systemic chemotherapy for exophytic carcinoma in 3. Laser surgery was performed in 1 stage under constant microscopic visual control. " 05/01/2008 - "We report herein a new case of granular parakeratosis in a woman treated with liposomal doxorubicin for ovarian carcinoma that showed complete remission after discontinuation of chemotherapy. "
2.	Therapeutics 02/01/2004 - "This patient's eruption resolved completely with antifungal therapy suggesting that the fungal organisms caused the granular parakeratosis." 12/01/2011 - "This mechanism might provide clues for novel therapies for skin disorders characterized by parakeratosis." 11/06/1980 - "[Appearance of parakeratosis cells in cervical smears following hormonal therapy and its significance]." 02/01/1978 - "In the course of maintenance therapy development towards an exfoliocytologically healthy mucosa proceeds via increasing parakeratosis. " 01/01/2011 - "Dysphagia resolved with vitamin B12 therapy: a case of esophageal parakeratosis."
3.	Topical Administration 11/01/2002 - "We report a case of a granular parakeratosis of the axilla that cleared rapidly with topical administration of tretinoin."
4.	Cutaneous Administration 07/01/1999 - "CONCLUSIONS: Under the conditions of these 2-year dermal studies, there was no evidence of carcinogenic activity of oleic acid diethanolamine condensate in male or female F344/N rats administered 50 or 100 mg/kg or in male or female B6C3F1 mice administered 15 or 30 mg/kg. Dermal administration of oleic acid diethanolamine condensate to male and female rats was associated with epidermal hyperplasia, sebaceous gland hyper plasia, hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis, chronic active inflammation of the dermis, and ulceration of the skin at the site of application. " 07/01/1999 - "Dermal administration of lauric acid diethanolamine condensate to rats and mice for 2 years resulted in increased incidences of epidermal and sebaceous gland hyperplasia, hyperkeratosis, chronic inflammation, and parakeratosis at the site of application. " 07/01/1999 - "Dermal administration of oleic acid diethanolamine condensate to mice was associated with epidermal hyperplasia, sebaceous gland hyperplasia, hyperkeratosis, chronic active inflammation of the dermis, and exudate of the skin at the site of application in males and females and parakeratosis and ulcer of the skin at the site of application in males. "
5.	Laser Therapy (Surgery, Laser) 08/01/1987 - "Histological study of the lesions showed microscopically invasive cancer in 8 patients, carcinoma in situ in 4, grades II and III dysplasia in 5, hyperkeratosis or parakeratosis in 10, pigmented lesions in 2, papilloma in 1 and no residual disease after systemic chemotherapy for exophytic carcinoma in 3. Laser surgery was performed in 1 stage under constant microscopic visual control. "