Orchitis

Inflammation of a TESTIS. It has many features of EPIDIDYMITIS, such as swollen SCROTUM; PAIN; PYURIA; and FEVER. It is usually related to infections in the URINARY TRACT, which likely spread to the EPIDIDYMIS and then the TESTIS through either the VAS DEFERENS or the lymphatics of the SPERMATIC CORD.

Also Known As:

Networked: 642 relevant articles (20 outcomes, 48 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Mumps
2.	Infections
3.	Inflammation (Inflammations)
4.	Infertility (Sterility)
5.	Atrophy

Experts

1.	Lustig, Livia: 19 articles (01/2021 - 06/2003)
2.	Itoh, Masahiro: 17 articles (03/2022 - 02/2002)
3.	Naito, Munekazu: 13 articles (09/2015 - 10/2005)
4.	Hirai, Shuichi: 12 articles (03/2022 - 06/2008)
5.	Qu, Ning: 12 articles (03/2022 - 06/2008)
6.	Fijak, Monika: 11 articles (07/2021 - 10/2005)
7.	Meinhardt, Andreas: 11 articles (01/2020 - 10/2005)
8.	Terayama, Hayato: 11 articles (09/2015 - 10/2005)
9.	Ogawa, Yuki: 9 articles (01/2020 - 10/2005)
10.	Lustig, L: 9 articles (08/2012 - 02/2000)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Orchitis:

1.	LipopolysaccharidesIBA 09/01/2022 - "However, the protective effects of AMPs on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced orchitis have not been reported. " 01/01/2020 - "Methane Ameliorates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Orchitis by Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidative, and Antiapoptotic Effects via Regulation of the PK2/PKR1 Pathway." 01/01/2020 - "The present study is aimed at investigating the anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and antiapoptotic effects of methane on lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced acute orchitis and its potential mechanisms. " 10/01/2020 - "In the testes, inflammatory mediators are known to increase when orchitis is induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). " 08/01/2019 - "[Testicular injection of lipopolysaccharide: An effective method for establishing the mouse model of orchitis]."
2.	Anti-Bacterial Agents (Antibiotics)IBA 02/01/1986 - "This responded well to antibiotics but was followed by a less acute form of epididymo-orchitis, which did not respond to antibiotics and which tissue biopsy showed to be tuberculous. " 07/01/2023 - "We report a case treated conservatively with antibiotics considering the possibility of syphilitic orchitis based on the blood test results and describe long-term changes observed in the imaging findings." 11/01/2022 - "Patients clinically diagnosed with epididymo-orchitis were more likely to be prescribed antibiotics (48.2 vs 30.6%, P =.02). " 07/01/2021 - "A clinical diagnosis of right epididymo-orchitis was made and patient was treated with intravenous broad-spectrum antibiotic. " 09/19/2018 - "This continued despite adequate antibiotic treatment of an epididymo-orchitis. "
3.	Interferon-alpha (Interferon Alfa)IBA 07/01/1991 - "Four patients with bilateral mumps orchitis received systemic treatment with interferon-alpha 2B (3 x 10(6) IU per day) for 7 days. " 07/01/1991 - "Four patients with bilateral mumps orchitis received systemic treatment with interferon-alpha 2B (3 X 10(6) IU/day) for 7 days. " 07/01/1991 - "Systemic treatment with interferon-alpha 2B: an effective method to prevent sterility after bilateral mumps orchitis." 07/01/1991 - "Systemic treatment with interferon-alpha 2B appears to be highly effective in preventing sterility and testicular atrophy after bilateral mumps orchitis. " 07/01/1991 - "Systemic treatment with interferon-alpha 2B appears to be highly effective in preventing sterility and testicular atrophy after bilateral mumps orchitis. "
4.	AntibodiesIBA 11/01/2014 - "The results obtained in this study showed statistically significant elevated titers of ER-60 antibodies in sera from patients with histologically confirmed testicular inflammatory lesions and from a few patients with acute epididymo-orchitis. " 01/01/2021 - "The BTB was ultimately disrupted in UPEC-infected rat testes, and blood samples from UPEC-induced orchitis in these animals were positive for anti-sperm antibodies. " 04/01/2012 - "Autoimmune orchitis is a relevant cause of decreased fecundity in males, and it is defined as a direct aggression to the testis with the concomitant presence of anti-sperm antibodies (ASA). " 06/01/1992 - "The immunological work-up for antibodies in sera or seminal plasma gave normal results for the patients diagnosed with orchitis, as well as the controls. " 12/01/1979 - "Antibodies interacting with spermatid structures in the testis sections and with acrosome and caudal regions of spermatozoa in the smears of sperm were determined in the sera of guinea pigs and mice with experimental autoimmune orchitis by the indirect immunofluorescent method. "
5.	Proteins (Proteins, Gene)FDA Link 01/01/2022 - "Currently, reports regarding the expression of the viral entry proteins in the testes are conflicting; however, other members of the SARS-CoV family of viruses - such as SARS-CoV - have been suspected to cause testicular dysfunction and/or orchitis. " 12/03/2018 - "Interestingly, whereas most of the animals exhibited specific sperm fertilizing ability defects supportive of the role of CRISP proteins in fertilization, one third of the males showed an unexpected epididymo-orchitis phenotype with altered levels of inflammatory molecules and non-viable sperm in the epididymis. " 01/01/2013 - "In a rat model, bacterial lippolysaccharide (LPS) induced atypical orchitis, and LPS treatment upregulated the expression of IMD and one of its receptor component proteins, i.e. " 07/01/1989 - "One out of three male Hartley GPs immunized with 50 micrograms of the purified protein exhibited typical lesions of experimental allergic orchitis while none of a group of three animals developed lesions at a 5 micrograms dose. " 08/10/1975 - "This protein is a potent inducer of allergic orchitis and aspermatogenesis; as little as 0.2 mug induced orchitis in 60 percent of guinea pig tested. "
6.	CholesterolIBA 10/01/2006 - "This study aimed to assess whether spontaneous autoimmune orchitis (AIO), which causes impaired clearance of apoptotic germ cells and spermatogenic arrest, involves SR-BI, SR-BII, and/or cholesterol. "
7.	Ciprofloxacin (Cipro)FDA LinkGeneric 04/01/2017 - "Korean red ginseng (KRG) may be a beneficial adjuvant along with ciprofloxacin to ameliorate devastating effects of epididymo-orchitis (EO) on male fertility. " 10/01/2013 - "AG received ciprofloxacin (50 mg/kg/day) twice a day through gastrogavage 24 hours after generating orchitis. " 02/06/2008 - "With a presumptive diagnosis of acute bacterial orchitis, he was prescribed ciprofloxacin while awaiting an ultrasound scan. " 03/01/2007 - "We investigated the effects of epididymo-orchitis and ciprofloxacin on rat testicular histology and spermatogenesis. " 03/01/2007 - "Effect of experimentally induced Escherichia coli epididymo-orchitis and ciprofloxacin treatment on rat spermatogenesis."
8.	SteroidsIBA 10/01/1979 - "Steroid therapy in the treatment of granulomatous orchitis." 07/01/1991 - "A case of isolated testicular cryptococcal orchitis complicating steroid therapy for relapsing polychondritis is presented. " 07/01/1991 - "Cryptococcal epididymo-orchitis complicating steroid therapy for relapsing polychondritis." 05/01/1957 - "Steroid therapy in mumps orchitis." 01/01/2019 - "He received high-dose steroids for suspected autoimmune encephalitis, and both his orchitis and meningoencephalitis improved rapidly after one dose. "
9.	Adrenal Cortex Hormones (Corticosteroids)IBA 01/01/2019 - " severe, epididymo-orchitis related to anti-PD-1 therapy may be treated with high-dose corticosteroids." 09/01/2010 - "Post-streptococcal sequelae included several episodes of reactive arthritis and orchitis whose outcome was favorable with corticosteroid therapy. " 11/01/1961 - "[Mumps orchitis in childhood and corticoid therapy]." 05/01/2006 - "Both presented with features highly suggestive of systemic necrotizing vasculitis, including constitutional symptoms, orchitis (in one), leg pain with sensory neuropathy, livedo, focal areas of skin necrosis, painful cutaneous nodules demonstrating vasculitis or inconspicuous changes on biopsy, raised acute phase reactants, and transient improvement with systemic corticosteroids. " 05/01/2007 - "The initial predictive factors assessed, observed during the first 3 months, included: demographic data, clinical manifestations (persistent palpable purpura, arthritis, abdominal pain, severe abdominal pain, gastrointestinal bleeding, orchitis, central nervous system involvement and pulmonary hemorrhage), laboratory tests (serum IgA levels) and treatment given (corticosteroids, intravenous immunoglobulin and immunosuppressive drugs). "
10.	Prednisone (Sone)FDA LinkGeneric 01/24/1960 - "[Is prednisone really effective in orchitis caused by parotitis?]." 06/01/1959 - "The treatment of mumps orchitis with prednisone." 05/01/1957 - "[Orchitis caused by epidemic parotitis & prednisone]."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Orchiectomy (Orchidectomy) 10/01/1991 - " All 7 patients with epididymo-orchitis were relieved, although 1 required orchidectomy. " 02/01/2019 - "Eighty-five patients who had undergone orchiectomy or surgical detorsion due to testis torsion and 72 patients with epididymo-orchitis were included in the study. " 02/01/2018 - "Right high orchidectomy and histopathological assessment revealed granulomatous orchitis. " 01/01/2018 - "FNA may readily diagnose tubercular epididymo-orchitis and may avoid unnecessary orchidectomy in a good number of patients." 07/01/2017 - "Right inguinal orchiectomy done and revealed Xanthogranulomatous orchitis."
2.	Therapeutics 05/20/2022 - "Postoperative orchitis with pyocele occurred and was treated with a course of antimicrobial therapy; and no other complications developed. " 01/01/2020 - "A clinical diagnosis of tuberculous epididymal orchitis was made and the patient was initiated on standard 4-drug antituberculous therapy. " 10/01/2018 - "Neonatal epididymo-orchitis with pyocele caused by Escherichia coli: Successful treatment with antimicrobial therapy alone." 05/29/2018 - "Here, we discuss a case of BCG orchitis, a rare but treatable complication of intravesical BCG therapy. " 05/29/2018 - "Tuberculous Orchitis Following Intravesical Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) Therapy."
3.	Subcutaneous Injections 09/01/2008 - "We previously established that two subcutaneous injections of viable syngeneic testicular germ cells (TGC) alone can induce CD4+ T cell-dependent experimental autoimmune orchitis (EAO) in mice. " 12/01/2010 - "The aim of this study was to determine long-term efficacy and safety subcutaneous injection of interferon-alpha-2B in patients with mumps orchitis in terms of testicular volume and other testicular functions. " 12/01/2012 - "Previously, we established an immunological infertility model, experimental autoimmune orchitis (EAO), that can be induced in mice by two subcutaneous injections of viable syngeneic testicular germ cells without the use of any adjuvant. " 12/01/2012 - "We previously established an immunological infertility model, experimental autoimmune orchitis (EAO), which can be induced by two subcutaneous injections of viable syngeneic testicular germ cells on days 0 and 14 in mice without using any adjuvant. " 10/01/2005 - "In sharp contrast, subcutaneous injection of viable syngeneic testicular germ cells (TGC) alone induces autoimmune orchitis with no involvement of the epididymitis in mice. "
4.	Injections 02/01/1992 - "Recently, we established a novel murine model of experimental autoimmune orchitis (EAO) in C3H/He mice by means of two sc injections of 1 x 10(7) viable syngeneic testicular germ cells (TC) without the use of any adjuvants. " 03/01/1993 - "In the present study, it was demonstrated that there were marked strain differences in susceptibility to the induction of our new murine model of experimental autoimmune orchitis (EAO; definite orchitis with hypospermatogenesis) induced by two or three sc injections with viable syngeneic testicular germ cells (TC) without any adjuvants. " 03/01/1993 - "In our novel murine model of experimental autoimmune orchitis (EAO) induced by two or three injections of viable syngeneic testicular germ cells (TC) alone, significant differences in susceptibility to the induction of EAO were found, and the disease susceptibility did not seem to be associated with a particular H-2 haplotype. " 11/01/1991 - "Previous studies demonstrated that experimental autoimmune orchitis (EAO) was produced in C3H/He mice with very high incidence by subcutaneous (s.c.) injections of viable syngeneic testicular germ cells (TC), without resorting to any adjuvants or immunopotentiators. " 04/01/1994 - "We have previously shown that two injections with viable syngeneic testicular germ cells (TC) alone developed experimental autoimmune orchitis (EAO) in C3H/He mice, and that the induction of antigen-specific tolerance in this EAO model is associated with the generation of antigen-specific suppressively regulatory T (Ts) cells. "
5.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 01/01/2021 - "Three patients had significant confounding factors (previous inguinal radiotherapy, chemotherapy and chronic alcohol abuse, and bacterial orchitis). " 08/01/2019 - "A total of 595 NOA patients were included in this study, with 446 (75.0%) were idiopathic NOA, 66 (11.1%) were Klinefelter syndrome (KS), 34 (5.7%) with microdeletion of the AZFc, 33 (5.5%) cases had the history of cryptorchidism, 13 (2.2%) had a history of mumps orchitis, and 3 (0.5%) cases underwent chemotherapy. " 01/01/2020 - "Non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA), which is defined as the absence of spermatozoa in the ejaculate secondary to impaired spermatogenesis within the testis, may be caused by a variety of etiologies, including varicocele-induced testicular damage, cryptorchidism, prior testicular torsion, post-pubertal mumps orchitis, gonadotoxic effects from medications, genetic abnormalities, chemotherapy/radiation, and other unknown causes currently classified as idiopathic (Cocuzza et al., 2013). " 11/01/2014 - "This study consisted of the identification of autoantibodies for testicular antigens in sera of patients with low-grade testicular inflammation, validation of candidates, development of an ELISA for the most promising target antigen and measurement of autoantibodies titers in healthy normozoospermic men (n = 20); male blood donors (n = 14); men with impaired semen quality without (n = 14) or with (n = 26) symptoms of genital tract infection/inflammation; azoospermic men with histologically confirmed testicular inflammatory lesions (n = 16); men after pharmacotherapy of genital tract infection/inflammation (n = 15) and men with acute epididymo-orchitis (n = 30). "