Opportunistic Infections (Opportunistic Infection)

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2140 relevant articles (106 outcomes, 169 trials/studies) found for this Disease

Description: An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression.

Also Known As:

Opportunistic Infection; Infection, Opportunistic; Infections, Opportunistic

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Bacterial Infections and Mycoses

Infection: 225242

Opportunistic Infections: 2140

Superinfection: 1319

Virus Diseases: 1376

Opportunistic Infections: 2140

Superinfection: 1319

Parasitic Diseases: 561

Opportunistic Infections: 2140

Superinfection: 1319

Related Diseases

1.	Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
2.	Infection
3.	HIV Infections (HIV Infection)
4.	Kaposi Sarcoma (Kaposi's Sarcoma)
5.	Graft vs Host Disease (Graft-Versus-Host Disease)

Experts

1.	Infectious Diseases Society of America: 4 articles (07/2001 - 01/2000)
2.	Grimwade, K: 3 articles (01/2006 - 01/2003)
3.	American Society of Blood and Marrow Transplantation: 3 articles (07/2001 - 01/2000)
4.	Dykewicz, C A: 3 articles (07/2001 - 01/2001)
5.	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: 3 articles (01/2001 - 01/2000)
6.	Baden, Lindsey R: 2 articles (06/2007 - 11/2005)
7.	Singh, Nina: 2 articles (10/2006 - 05/2005)
8.	Squires, Kathleen: 2 articles (10/2006 - 06/2003)
9.	Chêne, G: 2 articles (05/2004 - 02/2001)
10.	Rubin, R H: 2 articles (12/2003 - 01/2001)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Opportunistic Infections:

1.	Zidovudine (Retrovir)FDA LinkGeneric 03/01/1993 - "Three of the 10 patients, none taking zidovudine and all with low initial CD4 counts, were withdrawn during the study due to acute opportunistic infections. " 01/01/1993 - "Clinical trials in Australia in diseases related to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have steadily expanded from the earliest national study of zidovudine to a range of trials either actively recruiting or being activated that cover a wide spectrum of primary viral, opportunistic infection and opportunistic malignant diseases. " 01/01/1989 - "Only 24 subjects (41%) were receiving zidovudine at the end of the study period including 17 who had neither opportunistic infection nor toxicity. " 06/01/1995 - "Response in hematocrit was noted in HIV patients despite the presence of opportunistic infections in 15 and zidovudine administration in 11. " 08/29/1993 - "Azidothymidine increases the life-span of the HIV-positive patients, decreases the incidence of opportunistic infections and enhances the quality of life. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
2.	AntigensIBA 05/01/1998 - "No significant differences were reported with respect to improvement in CD4 count, elimination of p24 antigen, or development of opportunistic infections. " 09/01/1985 - "Without any deleterious effect a clinical improvement (in terms of adenopathy and opportunistic infection regression) and restoration of the response to recall antigens were observed in all three patients. " 01/01/2006 - "Corresponding immune responses are directed against microbial antigens that are associated with a concomitant active or latent opportunistic infection. " 11/01/2005 - "Programmed expansion of immune cells upon exposure to antigen is a feature not previously included in HIV models, and one that is especially important to consider when simulating an immune response to opportunistic infection. " 12/01/2001 - "Immunosuppression current involves the administration of toxic drugs that limit lymphoproliferation, but this treatment is not antigen-specific and allows opportunistic infection. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
3.	Protease Inhibitors (Protease Inhibitor)IBA 04/01/1999 - "In a study presented at the 6th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections it was reported that as the HIV virus mutates after protease inhibitor exposure it has a reduced ability to infect new laboratory cell cultures. " 12/03/1998 - "OBJECTIVE: To study the relationship between the CD4+ cell response after initiation of protease inhibitors and the occurrence of opportunistic infections and survival. " 04/01/1997 - "Study participants who were taking two nucleoside analog drugs were also given a protease inhibitor, and they developed half as many opportunistic infections as those on only two drugs. " 08/07/2007 - "Potent therapy against HIV, which includes protease inhibitors (PIs), has beneficial effects also on opportunistic infections by pathogens such as C. " 03/26/2005 - "Response to antiretroviral treatment with protease inhibitors was slow for all patients, but viral load became undetectable for 6 of the 7, after 5 months to 4 years; 3 had opportunistic infections. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
4.	Biological Markers (Surrogate Marker)IBA 01/01/1997 - "They are important for staging HIV disease, they have been used as clinical markers in trials to test drug efficacy, and to determine the correct time for institution of treatment for HIV or prophylaxis against opportunistic infections. " 05/15/1993 - "In human immunodeficiency virus clinical trials, the CD4-lymphocyte count has been regarded as a promising surrogate endpoint for clinical efficacy measures such as time to opportunistic infection and survival time. " 12/01/1996 - "The results suggest that these markers, particularly beta-2-microglobulin, could be useful indicators of the inflammatory process associated with opportunistic infection at later stages of disease where other laboratory markers may be atypical." 05/01/1994 - "In a nested case-control analysis, persons who experienced surrogate marker end points or opportunistic infections were 2.3-3.5 times more likely to have SI virus than were controls (P = .01-.04) but who died were similar to controls with respect to virus phenotype (P = .70). " 01/01/2008 - "In addition, these immunologic markers predict host susceptibility to specific opportunistic infections, selected drug toxicities, and mortality. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
5.	Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Combination (Co-Trimoxazole)FDA LinkGeneric 10/01/1998 - "Cotrimoxazole (Bactrim) has been shown effective in preventing most of the opportunistic infections (OIs) prevalent in Western Africa. " 05/22/2004 - "Study of opportunistic infection prophylaxis with cotrimoxazole in Ivory Coast]" 09/01/2008 - "Does cotrimoxazole prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV-associated opportunistic infections select for resistant pathogens in Kenyan adults?" 06/20/2007 - "However, more frequent dosing is required in HIV-positive women not using cotrimoxazole prophylaxis for opportunistic infections." 06/01/2007 - "METHODS: We present a model to estimate the number of vertically HIV-infected children by age who have progressed to moderate to severe disease (MSD) and as such are eligible for ART on the basis of clinical disease, allowing for: antenatal HIV prevalence, use of interventions to prevent mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT), infant feeding policies and availability of co-trimoxazole to prevent opportunistic infections that may hasten the onset of serious disease. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
6.	Ganciclovir (Cytovene)FDA LinkGeneric 07/01/1997 - "Although cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease, CMV retinitis in particular, is one of the most difficult opportunistic infections to treat, a hopeful new oral form of ganciclovir (proGan) is being stalled. " 01/01/1995 - "Participants must not be intolerant to ganciclovir, the infection must be peripheral, and there must be no opportunistic infection outside of the eye. " 12/27/1995 - "The purpose of this study was to determine whether the reduction in CMV infections seen with prophylactic ganciclovir treatment after heart transplantation is associated with a reduced incidence of other opportunistic infections. " 01/21/1998 - "Since Horner's syndrome and mononeuritis multiplex in the present case were both improved by ganciclovir, it is important to consider CMV infection when Horner's syndrome or mononeuritis multiplex is observed in immunocompromised patients, such as those with HIV-1 infection or AIDS, even if they do not show any other opportunistic infections." 03/01/1996 - "A new study reveals that the two-drug combination of foscarnet and ganciclovir has synergistic activity against CMV and can control the opportunistic infection twice as long as monotherapy. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
7.	Immunosuppressive Agents (Immunosuppressants)IBA 05/01/2004 - "Opportunistic infection was prevented by limiting antimicrobial therapy to the interval from preoperative day 3 to postoperative day 4. Immunosuppressive agents were given below standard dose. " 08/01/2003 - "SLE patients may also develop opportunistic infections, especially when treated with immunosuppressive agents. " 01/01/2003 - "The use of immunosuppressive agents is associated with a greater risk of opportunistic infections, the most frequent of which are those caused by cytomegalovirus and varicella zoster virus. " 12/01/2001 - "However, de-arranged immune response in HLH renders the patients susceptible to opportunistic infections, even before the introduction of immunosuppressants. " 08/01/1991 - "The concomitant increase of opportunistic infections has contributed significantly to morbidity and mortality of patients treated with immunosuppressive agents. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
8.	Anti-Retroviral Agents (Antiretroviral Agents)IBA 06/01/1999 - "Combinations of new antiretroviral agents have been shown to be effective in prolonging the life of infected individuals, and chemoprophylactic regimens have been useful in preventing opportunistic infections. " 10/01/2003 - "The contemporary treatment of the child infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) unavoidably requires combination therapy with antiretroviral agents and may include additional drugs for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections or other disease states. " 10/01/2002 - "Complex drug interactions involving antiretroviral agents and drugs for the management of opportunistic infections demand the monitoring of plasma drug concentrations to prevent treatment failure. " 03/01/1999 - "Several new antiretroviral agents were discussed at the 6th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. " 06/01/1996 - "Treatment with antiretroviral agents and prophylaxis of opportunistic infections where indicated. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
9.	InterferonsIBA 02/01/1987 - "Opportunistic infections were diagnosed in 12 patients with a median onset of 6 months (range 1-10) after start of interferon treatment. " 01/01/1984 - " Interferon therapy has had a beneficial effect in patients with disease limited to skin, with T4/T8 ratios over 0.5, and without a prior history of opportunistic infection; however, there is no evidence that interferon exerts any beneficial effects on the underlying immune defects. " 06/15/2006 - "The authors evaluated the safety and efficacy of immune enhancement using recombinant interferon gamma1b (rIFN-gamma1b) in patients with cancer who received GTX for refractory, systemic, opportunistic infections. " 06/15/2006 - "Recombinant interferon gamma1b immune enhancement in 20 patients with hematologic malignancies and systemic opportunistic infections treated with donor granulocyte transfusions." 06/19/1993 - "Opportunistic infections and CD4 lymphocytopenia with interferon treatment in HIV-1 infected patients." Order ALL the reference details at left...
10.	Immunoglobulins (Immunoglobulin)IBA 01/01/2009 - "Patients have to be put on life-long immunoglobulin substitution therapy in order to prevent recurrent and persistent opportunistic infections. " 07/01/2000 - "He was treated with intravenous immunoglobulin and, on follow up, has been free of opportunistic infections." 10/01/1998 - "The Optimum Use of Intravenous Immunoglobulin for Prophylaxis of Opportunistic Infection in HIV-Infected Adults." 02/10/1991 - "Children with repeated bacterial or opportunistic infections are also given immunoglobulin intravenously every 3rd to 4th week." 01/01/1990 - "It is considered that the increased opportunistic infections seen in Grey seal pups may be related to this low immunoglobulin status." Order ALL the reference details at left...

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) 01/01/2005 - "A marked decrease in incidence has been observed for most central nervous system (CNS) opportunistic infections (OIs) after the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in developed countries. " 06/01/2004 - "In industrialised countries, the use of Highly Active AntiRetroviral Therapy (HAART) results to be effective in suppressing the HIV viral load, with a quantitative and qualitative improvement in the CD4+ T-cell count followed by a strong reduction of opportunistic infections including those caused by parasites. " 05/01/2004 - "However, the introduction in 1996 of highly active antiretroviral therapy as a standard of care for those infected with HIV-1 determined a strong protection against the development of opportunistic infections, as well as a remission of pre-existing complications, including KS. " 04/01/2003 - "The use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has led to a substantial decrease in the frequency of opportunistic infections among HIV-infected individuals, along with a significant reduction in their mortality rate. " 06/01/2008 - "Highly-active antiretroviral therapy is effective in reducing opportunistic infections in industrialized countries. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
2.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 10/15/1995 - "Two patients maintained a complete remission 3 years after six cycles of chemotherapy, whereas one died of an early opportunistic infection. " 01/01/1993 - "They all went into complete remission and did not suffer from major opportunistic infections during chemotherapy. " 12/01/1996 - "The clinical trials, ACTG 175 and Delta I/II, show that combination antiretroviral drug therapy is more effective than monotherapy at retarding opportunistic infections in HIV-positive persons who are AZT-naive. " 01/01/2005 - "Patients with aggressive histology HIV-related NHL who were previously untreated with chemotherapy, and who had no active opportunistic infection were eligible for the study. " 04/01/2009 - "Intercurrent disease, opportunistic infection and chemotherapy cross-reaction have not been reported during this treatment regimen. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
3.	Transplants (Transplant) 10/01/1997 - "The results suggest that, on average, when compared with standard therapy, patients treated with MMF are likely to have lower rejection-related treatment costs because of a lower incidence of rejection ($6237 versus $3702), lower dialysis and graft failure costs because of improved graft survival ($20,104 versus $16,972), no difference in opportunistic infection treatment costs ($1962 versus $1962), and higher additional immunosuppression costs ($855 versus $5170). " 08/01/2009 - "A thorough understanding of the functions of MMF on the immune system and interaction with infectious pathogens could be helpful in implementing preventative strategies against opportunistic infections in transplant patients." 09/01/2006 - "Four patients were excluded from the study due to noncompliance, graft loss, and patient loss from opportunistic infection. " 04/01/2004 - "Therefore, the current study analysed the role of the absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) on day 21 after SCT in predicting transplant outcomes of 82 patients in terms of the risk of opportunistic infections and recurrence of original disease. " 11/01/1998 - "This study concludes that AREs are an important cause of patient and graft loss, with opportunistic infections being a major threat to be considered during aggressive anti-rejection therapy. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
4.	Transplantation (Transplant Recipients) 07/01/1999 - "The patient achieved a sustained molecular remission after transplantation, but died from opportunistic infection 4 months after transplantation. " 01/01/1990 - "Improved regimens to control acute and chronic GVHD and prevent opportunistic infections will play a major role in the advancement of supportive care of the marrow transplant recipient." 12/01/1990 - "The findings clearly reflect the marked immunodeficiency in the early post-transplantation period, during which many patients (4/7 in this study) die of opportunistic infections, and are in line with the fact that the earliest signs of reconstitution of the immune system have been found to occur at three months post-transplantation. " 02/01/1980 - "These studies were performed at a time when the allogeneic marrow transplant recipients were markedly immunodeficient and susceptible to opportunistic infections. " 09/01/2009 - "CONCLUSION: Early detection of opportunistic infections in transplant recipients plays a big role in preventing dissemination. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
5.	Chemoprevention 07/01/2001 - "In Côte d'Ivoire where chemoprophylaxis of opportunistic infections has recently been recommended to be widely initiated on clinical criteria, such thresholds may help to screen patients with higher risks of mortality." 06/01/1994 - "OBJECTIVE: To review the efficacy of chemoprophylaxis for opportunistic infections in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). " 09/01/2005 - "Further studies are needed to define populations at very high risk for fungal opportunistic infections who might benefit from targeted antifungal chemoprophylaxis, which remains the most promising of the potential prevention strategies. " 11/01/2007 - "Together with the need for more research to identify optimal ART regimens for resource-poor settings, research regarding optimal chemoprophylaxis against opportunistic infections should also remain high on the agenda." 12/01/2006 - "However, careful attention should be paid to central nervous system chemoprophylaxis, opportunistic infection prophylaxis and potential drug interactions between cytotoxic and antiretroviral therapies. " Order ALL the reference details at left...

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