Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (Disorder, Obsessive-Compulsive)

An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, persistent obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are the intrusive ideas, thoughts, or images that are experienced as senseless or repugnant. Compulsions are repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior which the individual generally recognizes as senseless and from which the individual does not derive pleasure although it may provide a release from tension.

Also Known As:

Networked: 4279 relevant articles (554 outcomes, 872 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Panic Disorder (Panic Attack)
2.	Anxiety Disorders (Anxiety Disorder)
3.	Social Phobia
4.	Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder)
5.	Major Depressive Disorder (Major Depressive Disorders)

Experts

1.	Denys, Damiaan: 80 articles (01/2022 - 08/2002)
2.	Storch, Eric A: 50 articles (01/2022 - 01/2006)
3.	Goodman, Wayne K: 39 articles (03/2022 - 06/2003)
4.	Figee, Martijn: 36 articles (05/2022 - 02/2009)
5.	Stein, Dan J: 35 articles (01/2022 - 01/2002)
6.	Fineberg, Naomi A: 30 articles (01/2022 - 01/2005)
7.	Hollander, Eric: 28 articles (01/2022 - 04/2002)
8.	Murphy, Tanya K: 27 articles (01/2021 - 01/2004)
9.	Richter, Margaret A: 25 articles (01/2021 - 08/2004)
10.	Simpson, Helen Blair: 24 articles (03/2022 - 01/2005)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder:

1.	Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors)IBA 02/01/2010 - "Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors have both been established as effective interventions for paediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), with CBT being the recommended first-line treatment in most cases. " 02/01/1996 - "The most convincing evidence for efficacy for SSRIs in adolescents exists for treatment of depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder. " 07/01/2006 - "Cognitive-behavioral group therapy (CBGT) and serotonin reuptake inhibitors have proven efficacy in reducing symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). " 01/01/2004 - "Serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs), especially potent ones given at high doses over long periods of time, are often effective in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). " 01/01/2002 - "SSRIs have been shown to be very effective in the treatment of depressive, anxiety and obsessive-compulsive disorders and have a favorable side effect profile. "
2.	Clomipramine (Anafranil)FDA LinkGeneric 05/01/1979 - "The authors believe that chlorimipramine is the most promising treatment for obsessive-compulsive neurosis." 03/01/1997 - "Intravenous pulse loading of clomipramine may be a valuable new treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder, particularly for patients who have failed oral treatment trials." 03/01/1995 - "Since the discovery that clomipramine was effective in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), trials of several different medications for OCD have been published. " 08/01/1991 - "Two double-blind studies at 21 centers evaluated the therapeutic efficacy, safety, and tolerability of up to 300 mg/d of clomipramine hydrochloride or an equivalent number of placebo capsules in the treatment of 520 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder, of whom 239 had had the disorder for at least 2 years (study 1) and 281 had been ill for at least 1 year (study 2). " 10/01/1998 - "Uncontrolled reports suggest that intravenous clomipramine hydrochloride may be effective for patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) who are nonresponsive to oral clomipramine. "
3.	Serotonin (5 Hydroxytryptamine)IBA 07/01/1999 - "In obsessive compulsive disorder, depletion of serotonin in patients recovered on an SSRI does not cause relapse; receptor adaptation may be more important. " 11/01/1992 - "Treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) with serotonin reuptake blockers has been demonstrated effective in 50% to 60% of patients in open and placebo-controlled studies. " 09/01/1997 - "Drugs that potentiate brain serotonin (5-HT) neurotransmission are effective in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), but it is unclear whether disturbances in brain 5-HT function play a role in the pathophysiology of OCD. " 12/01/2005 - "The selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors represent a first-line treatment in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. " 12/01/2019 - "Serotonin system genes are commonly studied in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), but genetic studies to date have produced inconsistent results, possibly because phenotypic heterogeneity has not been adequately accounted for. "
4.	Fluvoxamine (Luvox)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2002 - "Fluvoxamine (50 to 300 mg/day) for 8 to 16 weeks significantly reduced symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) [measured across multiple assessment scales] compared with placebo in a well controlled trial in paediatric patients (n = 120) or from baseline in noncomparative trials in adolescent (n = 20) or paediatric (n = 16) patients. " 01/01/2001 - "Fluvoxamine (50 to 300 mg/day) for 8 to 16 weeks significantly reduced symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) [measured across multiple assessment scales] compared with placebo in a well controlled trial in paediatric patients (n = 120) or from baseline in noncomparative trials in adolescent (n = 20) or paediatric (n = 16) patients. " 10/01/2000 - "fluvoxamine 100 to 300 mg/day for 6 to 10 weeks significantly reduced symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) compared with placebo. " 11/28/2018 - "MPH-ER was well tolerated. Conclusion: Fluvoxamine combined with MPH-ER is effective in the treatment of refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. " 08/01/1999 - "Fluvoxamine may be effective in reducing the symptoms of postpartum-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder. "
5.	Antidepressive Agents (Antidepressants)IBA 01/01/1995 - "Most studies suggest that the efficacy of antidepressants in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is not related to their antidepressant or mood-enhancing effects. " 04/01/1986 - "These findings support the hypothesis that serotonergic antidepressants may be useful in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder and underline the need to carry out double-blind clinical trials to confirm these results." 01/01/1985 - "These findings support the hypothesis that serotoninergic antidepressants may be useful in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder." 01/01/2018 - "We searched PubMed to identify all randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials examining the efficacy of second generation antidepressant medications in the treatment of adults with depression, anxiety or obsessive-compulsive disorders. " 10/01/2011 - "The aim of this article was to analyze systematically literature information published in English (between 1966 and January 2011) on the efficacy of antidepressants in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder. "
6.	Fluoxetine (Prozac)FDA LinkGeneric 07/01/1989 - "A 12-week open trial of fluoxetine in 61 obsessive-compulsive disorder patients significantly improved depressive and obsessive-compulsive symptoms. " 06/01/1998 - "Fluoxetine is effective in treating obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). " 04/01/1991 - "Therapeutic benefit may have been related to the efficacy of fluoxetine in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorders or to direct effects on sexual activity, or both." 11/01/1990 - "This study suggests that fluoxetine is an effective and safe treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder, both for short-term alleviation and for long-term maintenance." 01/01/2022 - "Fluoxetine is an effective and safe agent frequently used in the treatment of childhood depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder. "
7.	Sertraline (Zoloft)FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/2005 - "Both GCBT and sertraline conditions had significant improvement in obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms as measured by the Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale after 12 weeks of treatment. " 01/01/1995 - "Studies have also shown sertraline to be effective in obsessive-compulsive disorder. " 11/01/2005 - "The treatment with GCBT may be effective in decreasing obsessive-compulsive symptoms in childhood obsessive-compulsive disorder and should be considered as an alternative to either individual cognitive-behavioral therapy or a medication, such as sertraline. " 07/01/2021 - "Sertraline is a safe and effective agent frequently used in the treatment of childhood depression and obsessive compulsive disorder. " 11/25/1998 - "Sertraline appears to be a safe and effective short-term treatment for children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder."
8.	Antipsychotic Agents (Antipsychotics)IBA 10/01/2003 - "Some studies have shown that low dose of neuroleptic addition to ongoing antiobsessive treatment might be effective in treatment resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). " 07/01/2006 - "Data suggest that atypical antipsychotics may be useful in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). " 05/01/2015 - "Data on the efficacy of antipsychotics as monotherapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are inadequate. " 01/01/2023 - "Antipsychotics and obsessive-compulsive disorder/obsessive-compulsive symptoms: A pharmacovigilance study of the FDA adverse event reporting system." 03/01/2013 - "No study examined MetS in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), despite the fact that a great proportion of them are treated with antipsychotic addition. "
9.	Paroxetine (Paxil)FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/2004 - "Paroxetine is an effective and generally well-tolerated treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents." 09/01/2003 - "Paroxetine doses of 40 mg/day and 60 mg/day (but not 20 mg/day) are effective in treating acute obsessive-compulsive disorder. " 08/01/2004 - "The efficacy of paroxetine in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder in Western populations is well established. " 01/01/2003 - "Obsessive-compulsive disorder: implications of the efficacy of an SSRI, paroxetine." 07/01/2006 - "This paper presents several clinical trials of paroxetine carried out, and discusses and reviews the therapeutic strategies for obsessive-compulsive disorder."
10.	Inositol (Myoinositol)IBA 09/01/1996 - "Thirteen patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder completed a double-blind, controlled crossover trial of 18 g/day of inositol or placebo for 6 weeks each. " 01/01/2002 - "Defining the neuromolecular action of myo-inositol: application to obsessive-compulsive disorder." 09/01/1996 - "Inositol treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder." 06/01/2004 - "Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) in obsessive-compulsive disorder before and after treatment with inositol." 10/01/1998 - "myo-Inositol has been found to be clinically effective in depression, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and panic disorder when given chronically per os. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 01/01/2020 - "Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) which includes Exposure and Response (ERP) is a highly effective, gold standard treatment for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). " 12/01/2017 - "Drop-out and efficacy of group versus individual cognitive behavioural therapy: What works best for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder? " 04/01/2009 - "This systematic review examines the efficacy of pharmacological therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), addressing two major issues: which treatment is most effective in treating the patient's symptoms and which is beneficial for maintaining remission. " 02/01/1990 - "Modern therapies have dramatically improved the treatment outcome for patients with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), but many clinicians are not aware of what is presently available in terms of effective treatments. " 05/01/2014 - "To examine the feasibility, acceptability and preliminary efficacy of family-based exposure/response prevention therapy (E/RP) versus treatment as usual (TAU) in a cohort of very young children with early onset obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). "
2.	Deep Brain Stimulation 01/01/2018 - "Deep brain stimulation was an effective treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder in these highly selected patients. " 01/01/2022 - "We call on the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists to revise their memorandum describing deep brain stimulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder as an 'experimental' treatment and recognise that it has proven efficacy. " 01/01/2023 - "Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the ventral anterior limb of the internal capsule (vALIC) is effective for refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), but patients typically require high stimulation voltages and DBS comes with a risk for adverse events (AE). " 11/01/2021 - "Deep brain stimulation of the nucleus accumbens, internal capsule, and ventral striatum significantly benefited our cohort of patients with medication-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder. " 01/01/2015 - "Medication resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) patients can be successfully treated with Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) which targets the anterior limb of the internal capsule (ALIC) and the nucleus accumbens (NA). "
3.	Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation 01/01/2019 - "Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is beneficial for treatment-resistant patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). " 06/01/2010 - "Adjunctive high-frequency right prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) was not effective in obsessive-compulsive disorder but improved secondary depression." 11/01/2021 - "Deep transcranial magnetic stimulation (dTMS) is a modern non-invasive brain stimulation method demonstrated as effective in the treatment of major depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). " 01/01/2003 - "Randomised controlled trials assessing the therapeutic efficacy and safety of transcranial magnetic stimulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder. " 11/01/2022 - "Deep Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (dTMS) is a non-invasive treatment cleared by FDA as a safe and efficient intervention for the treatment of depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). "
4.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 01/01/2011 - "Psychotherapy also plays an important role in the management of obsessive-compulsive disorder, being effective for a wide range of symptoms, and many studies have assessed its long-term efficacy, especially when added to appropriate pharmacotherapy. " 03/01/1994 - "Although the majority of patients with obsessive compulsive disorder can be helped significantly by modern pharmacotherapy, usually in combination with behavioral techniques of exposure and response prevention, some remain very ill and refractory to treatment. " 01/01/2021 - "Although exposure-based cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) and pharmacotherapy have demonstrated efficacy for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), the lack of clinicians effectively trained in these treatments significantly limit effective intervention options for affected youth. " 10/01/1994 - "Recent advances in the pharmacotherapy of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) have led to a significant reduction in suffering and a return to productive living for many patients previously considered refractory to treatment. " 12/01/1993 - "Recent advances in the pharmacotherapy of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) have led to a significant reduction in suffering and a return to productive living for many patients previously considered refractory to treatment. "
5.	Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation 12/29/2022 - "Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been showing promising effects for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), but there is still no conclusion on its efficacy for this disorder. " 07/01/2020 - "[Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) for obsessive-compulsive disorder: A new treatment option?]" 01/01/2019 - "Safety and efficacy of adjunctive transcranial direct current stimulation in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: An open-label trial." 01/01/2019 - "This paper reviewed the literature on the safety and efficacy of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder and discussed future directions for research and clinical application. " 07/01/2018 - "Comments on "Efficacy of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in the Treatment: Resistant Patients Who Suffer from Severe Obsessive-compulsive Disorder"."