Myxedema

A condition characterized by a dry, waxy type of swelling (EDEMA) with abnormal deposits of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and other tissues. It is caused by a deficiency of THYROID HORMONES. The skin becomes puffy around the eyes and on the cheeks. The face is dull and expressionless with thickened nose and lips.

Also Known As:

Myxedemas

Networked: 688 relevant articles (34 outcomes, 28 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Coma (Comas)
2.	Graves Disease (Basedow Disease)
3.	Hypothyroidism
4.	Graves Ophthalmopathy
5.	Thyroiditis

Experts

1.	Akamizu, T: 3 articles (11/2003 - 06/2000)
2.	Sriphrapradang, Chutintorn: 2 articles (09/2021 - 10/2017)
3.	Lan, Changgui: 2 articles (11/2020 - 11/2015)
4.	Kaya, Gürkan: 2 articles (10/2019 - 07/2016)
5.	Menzinger, Sébastien: 2 articles (10/2019 - 07/2016)
6.	Kotwal, Anupam: 2 articles (01/2019 - 07/2018)
7.	Chien, Cheng-Yu: 2 articles (10/2018 - 12/2017)
8.	Burman, Kenneth D: 2 articles (04/2017 - 07/2007)
9.	Ono, Sachiko: 2 articles (03/2017 - 06/2016)
10.	Ono, Yosuke: 2 articles (03/2017 - 06/2016)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Myxedema:

1.	Thyroxine (Levothyroxine)FDA LinkGeneric 08/01/2009 - "Myocardial function improved and facial myxedema and effusions resolved with levothyroxine supplementation." 05/01/1955 - "[Circumscribed pretibial myxedema much improved by thyroxin]." 03/01/2019 - "To the best of authors' knowledge, this is the first case of preradial myxedema, due to long-term intake of thyroxine, reported in the English dermatological literature." 03/01/2019 - "Thyroxine-Induced Preradial Myxedema." 11/01/2009 - "Myxedema madness rapidly reversed with levothyroxine."
2.	Triiodothyronine (Liothyronine)FDA LinkGeneric 02/23/2022 - "Importance of oral liothyronine supplementation in myxedema crisis, has been highlighted in this case report." 06/01/1986 - "Rapid reversal of myxedema madness with triiodothyronine." 11/01/1968 - "[The effect of triiodothyronine on the veral function in patients with primary myxedema]." 07/01/1965 - "[Cardiocirculatory and electrocardiographic modifications in myxedema of the adult treated with L-triiodothyronine]." 05/01/1963 - "Myxedema heart: rapid electrocardiographic response to L-triiodothyronine."
3.	GlucocorticoidsIBA 11/26/2018 - "Intralesional and topical glucocorticoids for pretibial myxedema: A case report and review of literature." 11/01/2015 - "A Randomized Controlled Trial of Intralesional Glucocorticoid for Treating Pretibial Myxedema." 06/01/1960 - "Generalized and localized (pretibial) myxedema: effect of thyroid analogues and adrenal glucocorticoids." 06/25/2021 - "Our case illustrates that multipoint subcutaneous injection of glucocorticoids is beneficial for bilateral breast myxedema." 06/25/2021 - "Bilateral breast myxedema caused by Graves' disease and responsive to multipoint subcutaneous injection of long-acting glucocorticoid: Case report."
4.	SteroidsIBA 10/01/2014 - "Dramatic effect of low-dose oral steroid on elephantiasic pretibial myxedema." 05/01/1995 - "The findings suggest that steroid pulse therapy is effective for the treatment of extensive localized myxedema. " 11/01/1982 - "These results suggest that both steroid and plasmapheresis treatment are useful for lowering abnormal antibody titers in sera of patients with Graves' disease, and that plasmapheresis can be of some value in the treatment of pretibial myxedema." 01/01/1966 - "[Studies on the steroid excretion in a patient with a Cushing syndrome associated with a secondary myxedema due to hypophyseal tumor]." 06/01/2008 - "Ingestion of herbal powders should alert us as these contain steroids If there is a suspicion of hypothyroidism, then elective surgery should be deferred to rule out the same due to possibility of progression to myxedema coma under stress of anesthesia and surgery. "
5.	Hyaluronoglucosaminidase (Hyaluronidase)FDA Link 07/01/2016 - "Injected Hyaluronidase Reduces the Volume of Exogenous Hyaluronate Fillers in Mice and Results in Clinical Improvement in a Patient with Pretibial Myxedema." 09/01/2020 - "This case demonstrates the use of intralesional hyaluronidase to treat cosmetically concerning periorbital myxedema. " 09/01/2020 - "Periorbital myxedema treated with intralesional hyaluronidase." 10/01/2019 - "Successful Treatment of Scalp Myxedema with Injected Hyaluronidase: A Case Report." 10/01/2018 - "Pretibial myxedema successfully treated with intralesional hyaluronidase."
6.	teprotumumabIBA 01/01/2023 - "Here we present a patient who received 8 doses of teprotumumab for TED who, over the course of management and into follow-up, experienced significant improvement in her pretibial myxedema. " 01/01/2023 - "Teprotumumab for Treatment of Pretibial Myxedema." 11/01/2022 - "Improvement of Pretibial Myxedema Following Administration of Teprotumumab." 10/01/2021 - "A case of pretibial myxedema treated with teprotumumab." 02/15/2023 - "Treatment of thyroid eye disease with teprotumumab is established in the literature, with few case reports also showing improvement in pretibial myxedema. "
7.	AntibodiesIBA 12/01/1994 - "Preparation and characterization of monoclonal antithyrotropin receptor antibodies obtained from peripheral lymphocytes of hypothyroid patients with primary myxedema." 04/01/1989 - "Anti-bovine TSH antibodies in patients with Graves' disease and primary myxedema." 01/01/1967 - "Distinction between idiopathic primary myxedema and secondary pituitary hypothyroidism by the presence of circulating thyroid antibodies." 02/01/1989 - "Microsomal (anti-TPO) antibodies are very useful markers of autoimmune thyroid disorders and are generally present in Hashimoto's thyroiditis, idiopathic myxedema and Graves' disease. " 09/20/1979 - "In order to elucidate a predisposition for so-called autoimmune thyroid disorders such as Graves' disease, chronic thyroiditis and myxedema, the incidence of thyroid antibodies was studied in relatives of patients with thyroid disorders. "
8.	Thyroid HormonesIBA 05/01/2017 - "Myxedema crisis (MC) is a rare but life-threatening illness characterized by multi-system organ impairment from thyroid hormone deficiency that is often brought on by an eliciting event. " 11/01/2012 - "However, regimen of myxedema is not well established even now, especially about thyroid hormone supplementation. " 05/01/1982 - "Polysomnographic effects of thyroid hormones primary myxedema." 03/27/1975 - "An index developed for hypoxic ventilatory drive was markedly reduced in myxedema: 17 plus or minus 4.7 (S.E.M.) (normal, 126 plus or minus 8.7) (P smaller than 0.01) and increased to 78 plus or minus 12.6 (p = 0.02) with thyroid hormone replacement. " 01/01/1969 - "[Disorders of biosynthesis of thyroid hormones in congenital myxedema with sublingual thyroid]."
9.	Intravenous Immunoglobulins (IVIG)FDA Link 01/01/1994 - "Pretibial myxedema and high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin treatment." 01/01/1994 - "Therefore, this study suggests that intravenous immunoglobulins are effective in the treatment of pretibial myxedema and may have an immunomodulant action in patients with Graves' disease and related disorders." 01/01/1994 - "Seven patients affected by Graves' ophthalmopathy and pretibial myxedema (four patients with nodular form, two with diffuse, and one with elephanthiasic form) have been treated with high-dose intravenous immunoglobulins. " 09/01/1992 - "[Results of high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin treatment of patients with pretibial myxedema and Basedow's disease. " 01/01/2019 - "Clinical Experience with Rituximab and Intravenous Immunoglobulin for Pretibial Myxedema: A Case Series."
10.	Ruthenium RedIBA 04/01/1984 - "An ultrastructural study of pretibial myxedema utilizing improved ruthenium red stain." 04/01/1984 - "A case of pretibial myxedema associated with Graves' diseases has been studied by electron microscopy utilizing an improved ruthenium red stain. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 06/01/2004 - "Steroidal therapy improved the ophthalmopathy, the pretibial myxedema and the acropachy. " 04/22/1960 - "Results of therapy and studies on the myxedema risk of this therapy]." 01/01/2019 - "Background: Severe pretibial myxedema (PTM) can be difficult to manage, highlighting the need to investigate newer therapies. " 01/01/2017 - "Treatment of pretibial myxedema with intralesional immunomodulating therapy." 05/01/2015 - "A 48-year-old patient with EMO syndrome presented to the Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of Muenster, eight years prior to writing with therapy-resistant pretibial myxedema and hypertrophic osteoarthropathy of the metacarpal bones. "
2.	Aftercare (After-Treatment) 06/01/1996 - "After treatment for 22 weeks, the patient, with typical clinical features of myxedema, was referred to our outpatient clinic with undetectable serum levels of T4 (< 1.0 microgram/dL) and T3 (< 25 ng/dL) and a markedly elevated TSH level (217 microU/mL). " 01/01/1973 - "[Aspects of lipid metabolism in myxedema before and after treatment]." 12/01/1963 - "[MYXEDEMA AFTER TREATMENT OF HYPERTHYROIDISM WITH RADIOIODINE]." 05/01/1986 - "Fifteen patients with confirmed myxedema at a median age of 48 years (range 32 to 60 years) were referred for audiological evaluation before and after treatment with levothyroxine. " 01/01/1971 - "The response to exercise before and after treatment of myxedema with thyroxine."
3.	Subcutaneous Injections 01/01/2011 - "Multipoint subcutaneous injection of long-acting glucocorticid as a cure for pretibial myxedema." 05/01/2014 - "Subcutaneous injections of sheep thyroid extracts were developed for treatment of postoperative hypothyroidism as well as congenital myxedema. " 06/25/2021 - "Our case illustrates that multipoint subcutaneous injection of glucocorticoids is beneficial for bilateral breast myxedema." 06/25/2021 - "Bilateral breast myxedema caused by Graves' disease and responsive to multipoint subcutaneous injection of long-acting glucocorticoid: Case report."
4.	Critical Care (Surgical Intensive Care) 08/01/2017 - "Thyroid storm, in spite of accurate diagnosis, continues to have high fatality, whereas myxedema management has markedly improved with advancement in intensive care facility. " 01/01/2022 - "The complexity of this case was rooted in polypharmacy, specialized care for numerous comorbidities complicated by significant strain on ED resources and personnel due to a global pandemic, resulting in severe complications. This case brings to light the need for immediate and appropriate treatment and critical care consultation for admission to a unit with an advanced level of care, as is the case for all patients with concern for severe hypothyroidism or myxedema crisis." 02/01/1992 - "To review the diagnosis and management of thyroid diseases, both metabolic (thyroid storm and myxedema coma) and anatomic (substernal goiter, lymphoma, anaplastic carcinoma) that may require intensive care therapy. " 07/01/2019 - "We treated a 12-year-old girl with myxedema and cardiogenic shock with initial low dose (0.3-2.5 μg/kg body weight/day) of oral levothyroxine and intensive care. " 10/01/2017 - "In addition to critical care measures therapy focusses on inhibition of thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion (antithyroid drugs, perchlorate, Lugol's solution, cholestyramine, thyroidectomy) as well as inhibition of thyroid hormone effects in the periphery (β-blocker, glucocorticoids).Cardinal symptoms of myxedema coma are hypothermia, decreased mental status, and hypoventilation with risk of pneumonia and hyponatremia. "
5.	Occlusive Dressings (Occlusive Dressing) 05/01/1967 - "Therapy with occlusive dressings of pretibial myxedema with fluocinolone acetonide." 01/01/2010 - "Treatment of pretibial myxedema (PTM) with topical steroid ointment application with sealing cover (steroid occlusive dressing technique: steroid ODT) in Graves' patients." 01/01/2010 - "The localized pretibial myxedema was effectively treated with topical steroid (triamcinolone acetonide) ointment application with sealing cover (steroid occlusive dressing technique: steroid ODT). "