Mental Retardation (Idiocy)

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2676 relevant articles (45 outcomes, 161 trials/studies) found for this Disease

Description: Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual is mentally retarded. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline mentally retarded range. Scores below 67 are in the retarded range. (Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28)

Also Known As:

Idiocy; Mental Deficiency; Retardation, Mental; Deficiency, Mental; Mental Retardation, Psychosocial; Deficiencies, Mental; Mental Deficiencies; Mental Retardations, Psychosocial; Psychosocial Mental Retardation; Psychosocial Mental Retardations; Retardation, Psychosocial Mental; Retardations, Psychosocial Mental

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Autistic Disorder (Autism)
2.	Epilepsy (Aura)
3.	Syndrome
4.	Seizures (Seizure)
5.	Down Syndrome (Down's Syndrome)

Experts

1.	Jakobs, C: 4 articles (11/2006 - 04/2000)
2.	Colleaux, Laurence: 3 articles (05/2008 - 11/2002)
3.	Molinari, Florence: 3 articles (05/2008 - 11/2002)
4.	Munnich, Arnold: 3 articles (05/2008 - 11/2002)
5.	Schwartz, Charles E: 3 articles (02/2008 - 02/2006)
6.	Wauters, Jan: 3 articles (10/2006 - 01/2004)
7.	van Luijk, Rob: 3 articles (10/2006 - 01/2004)
8.	Kooy, R Frank: 3 articles (10/2006 - 01/2004)
9.	Rooms, Liesbeth: 3 articles (10/2006 - 01/2004)
10.	Reyniers, Edwin: 3 articles (10/2006 - 01/2004)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Mental Retardation:

1.	Clomipramine (Anafranil)FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/1995 - "Our results provide support for the hypothesis that clomipramine is effective in treating stereotyped and related behaviors associated with mental retardation." 10/01/1995 - "CONCLUSION: Once-daily clomipramine SR 75 mg is effective in treating adults with mental retardation and disabling rituals." 05/01/1996 - "Clomipramine treatment for self-injurious behavior of individuals with mental retardation: a double-blind comparison with placebo." 07/01/1994 - "Clomipramine ameliorates adventitious movements and compulsions in prepubertal boys with autistic disorder and severe mental retardation." 11/01/1995 - "Clomipramine treatment for stereotype and related repetitive movement disorders associated with mental retardation." Order ALL the reference details at left...
2.	Serotonin (5 Hydroxytryptamine)IBA 05/01/1996 - "These results represent the first controlled trial of a 5-HT uptake inhibitor in the treatment of SIB in mental retardation." 04/01/2004 - "Platelet serotonin levels in pervasive developmental disorders and mental retardation: diagnostic group differences, within-group distribution, and behavioral correlates." 01/01/1998 - "For this group of patients a significant negative correlation exists between the rate of platelet uptake of serotonin (Vmax value) and the degree of mental retardation (r = -0.425, p < 0.03). " 09/01/1989 - "For the case where both parents had low serotonin, in one family the children had low serotonin and in a second family, high serotonin levels were present in the autistic proband, and a sibling with severe mental retardation. " 01/01/1983 - "The results obtained showed peculiar deviations in serotonin and catecholamine metabolism in each of the diseases, which were independent of the degree of mental retardation. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
3.	Methylphenidate (Ritalin)FDA LinkGeneric 10/01/1994 - "Efficacy of methylphenidate and behavioral intervention on classroom behavior in children with ADHD and mental retardation." 01/01/2003 - "Methylphenidate treatment in children with borderline IQ and mental retardation: analysis of three aggregated studies." 06/01/2004 - "Effects of methylphenidate treatment in children with mental retardation and ADHD: individual variation in medication response." 06/01/2004 - "Treatment effects of methylphenidate on cognitive functioning in children with mental retardation and ADHD." 02/01/2003 - "Treatment effects of methylphenidate on behavioral adjustment in children with mental retardation and ADHD." Order ALL the reference details at left...
4.	Fluoxetine (Prozac)FDA LinkGeneric 03/01/1992 - "These results suggest that fluoxetine is a safe and effective treatment for depression in mental retardation. " 11/01/1993 - "Diagnosis and fluoxetine treatment of compulsive behavior disorder of adults with mental retardation." 07/01/1993 - "We report four additional cases of adults with mental retardation whose self-injury was treated with fluoxetine. " 07/01/1993 - "Fluoxetine treatment of severe self-injury in young adults with mental retardation." 06/01/1993 - "The use of fluoxetine to treat chronic depression and associated self-injurious behaviour (SIB) in a woman with severe mental retardation and a man with profound mental retardation is reported. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
5.	Folic Acid (Vitamin M)FDA LinkGeneric 10/01/1990 - "Possible association of rare autosomal folate sensitive fragile sites and idiopathic mental retardation: a blind controlled population study." 02/01/2007 - "A high level of cytogenetic expression of the rare folate-sensitive fragile site FRA12A is significantly associated with mental retardation. " 12/01/2000 - "Several rare autosomal folate sensitive fragile sites were reported in individuals with mental retardation, neurological abnormalities, and multiple congenital malformations. " 04/15/1992 - "The third family presents very high expression of a folate sensitive site, unlinked to mental retardation, and was described previously by Voelckel et al. [1989]. " 07/01/1984 - "Then, they insist upon the main points of each family: in the first, two women have a mental retardation; in the second, a prenatal diagnosis could be made; in the third, treatment with folic acid did not change the IQ but improves the behaviour of two brothers." Order ALL the reference details at left...
6.	Buspirone (Buspar)FDA LinkGeneric 12/01/1996 - "In the present study, the efficacy of the 5-HT1a agonist buspirone was investigated in eight patients with mental retardation and severe, long-lasting challenging behaviour, characterized by aggressive outbursts, self-injurious behaviour and impulsivity. " 02/01/1994 - "OBJECTIVE: The efficacy of buspirone in controlling self-injurious behavior was examined in five individuals with mental retardation. " 02/01/1994 - "Clinical effects of buspirone on intractable self-injury in adults with mental retardation." Order ALL the reference details at left...
7.	Risperidone (Risperdal Consta)FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/2008 - "INTRODUCTION: Earlier studies showed risperidone to be effective in the treatment of aggression and self-injurious behaviour in adults with mental retardation but also having adverse side effects. " 05/01/2005 - "This review was undertaken in an effort to summarize the available studies regarding the use of the atypical antipsychotic drug risperidone among individuals with mental retardation and provide a resource for clinicians, care givers, and parents. " 07/01/2000 - "DISCUSSION: In this study, risperidone was a safety and effectiveness treatment in patients with a diagnostic of mental retardation and psychotic and/or disturbance disorder associated." 07/01/2000 - "INTRODUCTION: The safety and effectiveness of risperidone in patients with a diagnostic of mental retardation and/or psychotic and disturbance disorder was assessed in an open and observational study. " 04/01/2006 - "A crossover study of risperidone in children, adolescents and adults with mental retardation." Order ALL the reference details at left...
8.	Phenylalanine (L-Phenylalanine)FDA Link 12/01/2003 - "The NICHD supported the study demonstrating the long-term efficacy of screening and a low-phenylalanine diet in preventing mental retardation. " 03/01/1965 - "[CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF MENTAL DEFICIENCY ETIOLOGY IN CASES OF INBORN ERRORS OF PHENYLALANINE METABOLISM.]" 02/01/2009 - "In the literature, emphasis has been on high brain phenylalanine as the pathological substrate that causes mental retardation. " 11/01/2007 - "Since the first attempts at treatment using a low-phenylalanine diet and after more than 50 years of research, considerable progress has been made so we are now at a stage where mental retardation caused by high plasma phenylalanine can be prevented. " 05/15/2007 - "The resulting buildup leads to brain damage and ultimately mental retardation in children if their phenylalanine intake is not carefully controlled. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
9.	Thioridazine (Mellaril)FDA LinkGeneric 05/01/1993 - "Thioridazine and visual screening procedures are effective in reducing the stereotypic behaviors of individuals with mental retardation. " 05/01/1993 - "A double-blind, placebo-controlled study, using alternating treatments within a multiple-baseline across subjects design, was conducted to assess the effects of two doses of thioridazine (1.25 and 2.5 mg/kg/day) and visual screening, alone and combined, on stereotypy and social behavior of three individuals with profound mental retardation. " 05/01/1963 - "A trial of thioridazine in mental deficiency." 05/01/1993 - "Effects of thioridazine and visual screening on stereotypy and social behavior in individuals with mental retardation." 03/01/1968 - "Chlorpromazine and thioridazine in severe mental deficiency." Order ALL the reference details at left...
10.	IodineIBA 03/01/2000 - "It was purposed for this paper to quantify the relationship between iodine deficiency and mental development in children and to explore the etiological role of iodine deficiency in mental retardation and the protective effects on children's intelligence of iodine supplementation. " 07/03/2009 - "It is generally considered that iodine deficiency is the single most common cause of preventable mental retardation (MR) and brain damage. " 05/01/2008 - "We examined the relationship between moderate or mild iodine deficiency and intellectual capacity in order to determine whether problems common to severe iodine deficiency (including mental retardation) also emerge in a more subtle form. " 06/01/2006 - "It is known that in the pathogenesis of mental retardation (MR), both genetic and environmental factors (particularly iodine deficiency) appear to play a critical role. " 01/01/2005 - "Iodine deficiency during pregnancy even as a moderate iodine deficiency, creates a risk of mental retardation, perinatal complication like low and very low births weigt of neonates with increased perinatal mortality rate and late consequences in adult life: metabolic syndrom and type 2 diabetes. " Order ALL the reference details at left...

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Oral Hygiene (Dental Hygiene) 01/01/2002 - "The study showed that oral hygiene was unsatisfactory and was found to be dependent upon the grade of mental retardation. " 12/01/2003 - "Poor oral hygiene is a problem for many people with mental retardation who live in state residential facilities. " 12/01/2003 - "Comprehensive approach toward improving oral hygiene at a state residential facility for people with mental retardation." 01/01/2001 - "The oral hygiene status is in general, moderate to low-grade, especially in the individuals with mental retardation. " 07/01/2000 - "Many people with severe and profound mental retardation have poor oral health and suffer from inadequate oral hygiene. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
2.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 01/01/2000 - "This is a review of pharmacotherapy in children and adolescents with mental retardation from the perspective of DSM and ICD disorders. " 01/01/2000 - "Pharmacotherapy of disorders in mental retardation." 05/01/1998 - "Physical disorders and pharmacotherapy for all 134 people with mental retardation ages 65 years and over living in Leicestershire, United Kingdom, were examined. " 12/01/1997 - "Psychiatric illness in mental retardation: an update on pharmacotherapy." 01/01/1997 - "An analysis of the patterns of medication use showed that patient demographic, physical, social, behavioral, and psychiatric variables, as well as a number of staff variables, were correlated with use of pharmacotherapy in the entire population of individuals with mental retardation. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
3.	Activities of Daily Living (ADL) 04/01/1993 - "The current positive results show that training procedures used exclusively with persons with mental retardation can be modified and be effective with a different and younger population, while targeting different independent living skills." 06/01/2007 - "Mental retardation or MR (current term, intellectual disability [ID]) is a label used to describe a constellation of symptoms that includes severe deficits or limitations in an individual's developmental skills in several areas or domains of function: cognitive, language, motor, auditory, psychosocial, moral judgment, and specific integrative adaptive (ie, activities of daily living). " 05/01/2004 - "Effects of Snoezelen room, Activities of Daily Living skills training, and Vocational skills training on aggression and self-injury by adults with mental retardation and mental illness." 08/01/1998 - "The findings indicate that even a major psychiatric disorder does not necessarily impair functioning in activities of daily living among individuals with mental retardation. " 08/01/1998 - "Functioning in activities of daily living of 40 psychiatric inpatients with mental retardation was compared with that of nonhospitalized control subjects matched for sex, age, and level of intellectual impairment. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
4.	Hearing Aids (Hearing Aid) 09/01/2007 - "Bone-anchored hearing aid in patients with moderate mental retardation: impact and benefit assessment." 08/01/2006 - "Implementation of the BAHA as hearing aid treatment in patients with moderate mental retardation proved to be sufficiently effective and may have strongly positive effects on activities at school or at work." 12/01/2007 - "However, among the 28 hearing-impaired children with multiple handicaps, 17 showed improvement in auditory behaviors, 5 showed no improvement in auditory behaviors because of the associated severe motor and mental retardation, and epilepsy, and 6 were unable to adapt to wearing hearing aids." 09/01/2007 - "OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact and the subjective benefit of Bone-anchored Hearing Aid (BAHA) implementation in patients with hearing impairment combined with moderate mental retardation. " 08/01/2006 - "OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether the bone-anchored hearing aid (BAHA) can be applied successfully to patients with conductive hearing loss and moderate mental retardation. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
5.	Prenatal Care 01/01/1992 - " Inadequate prenatal care is associated with prematurity and low birth weight, which are linked to mental retardation. " 03/01/2009 - "METHODS: Records were reviewed for factors including socio-demographic factors, history of pregnancy/miscarriage/abortion, social supports, abuse history, history of substance use, toxicology results, history of mental illness or mental retardation, and the reason for lack of prenatal care. " 12/01/1991 - " Further inadequate prenatal care, parental mental retardation, AIDS, parental substance abuse, maternal age, and the inability to parent can all result in special need circumstances. " 01/16/2003 - "DEVELOPMENT: In spite of the fact that in the majority of cases of mental retardation the etiology is unknown, and for that reason, in them it is not possible to establish preventive strategies, within the last three decades, important research advances have helped to prevent thousands of cases of mental retardation of illnesses caused by Haemophilus influenzae B, measles encephalitis, Rh disease and severe jaundice in newborn infants, congenital hypothyroidism, phenylketonuria and congenital rubella; as well as removing lead from the environment, intervention programs for the proper use of seat belts, child safety seats, and motorcycle and bicycle helmets; early and adequate prenatal care, dietary supplementation with folic acid beginning before conception to reduce the risk of neural tube defects, avoidance of toxic substances during pregnancy like alcohol, and the use of newborn screening tests. " Order ALL the reference details at left...

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