Premature Menopause

The premature cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) when the last menstrual period occurs in a woman under the age of 40. It is due to the depletion of OVARIAN FOLLICLES. Premature MENOPAUSE can be caused by diseases; OVARIECTOMY; RADIATION; chemicals; and chromosomal abnormalities.

Also Known As:

Menopause, Premature

Networked: 320 relevant articles (5 outcomes, 18 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Neoplasms (Cancer)
2.	Infertility (Sterility)
3.	Breast Neoplasms (Breast Cancer)
4.	Osteoporosis
5.	Primary Ovarian Insufficiency

Experts

1.	Natarajan, Pradeep: 4 articles (12/2021 - 12/2019)
2.	Harmsen, Marline G: 3 articles (08/2021 - 12/2015)
3.	Hermens, Rosella P M G: 3 articles (08/2021 - 12/2015)
4.	Hoogerbrugge, Nicoline: 3 articles (08/2021 - 12/2015)
5.	Mourits, Marian J E: 3 articles (08/2021 - 11/2008)
6.	Partridge, Ann H: 3 articles (08/2021 - 02/2012)
7.	de Hullu, Joanne A: 3 articles (08/2021 - 12/2015)
8.	Dolmans, Marie-Madeleine: 3 articles (01/2021 - 09/2006)
9.	Donnez, Jacques: 3 articles (01/2021 - 09/2006)
10.	Honigberg, Michael C: 3 articles (01/2021 - 12/2019)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Premature Menopause:

1.	AntibodiesIBA 01/01/2021 - "While anti-ovarian antibodies were present in a small percentage of patients, there was no association of premature menopause to either level of these antibodies (16.2 ± 20.3 units vs 17.4 ± 21.7 units, P = NS by Fisher's exact test), or positivity on this testing (11 of 169 [6.5%] positive vs 8 of 89 [8.9%], χ2 = 0.53, P = .46, 95% CI 0.95-1.1). " 06/01/1979 - "We recently published evidence of the presence of circulating antibodies in the sera of patients who had the diagnosis of premature menopause syndrome. " 03/15/1979 - "This suggests that the etiology of premature menopause may be mediated by circulating antibodies to ovarian tissue." 03/15/1979 - "The binding of antibodies increased in the sera of patients with the premature menopause syndrome, compared with the control sera. " 03/15/1979 - "The premature menopause syndrome has been regarded as one of the organ-specific autoimmune disorders because circulating antibodies to ovarian tissue have been demonstrated. "
2.	Cardiolipins (Cardiolipin)IBA 03/01/1999 - "Organ-specific antibodies (ovary and thyroid) were present with significantly greater frequency than non-organ-specific antibodies (nuclear and cardiolipin) in premature menopause and unexplained infertility (60% (50/83) vs 16% (13/83) respectively; P < 0.0001). " 03/01/1999 - "The objective of this study was to: (1) assess the relative prevalence of ovarian, thyroid, nuclear, and cardiolipin antibodies associated with premature menopause and unexplained infertility and (2) compare ovarian and thyroid antibodies in premature menopause, unexplained infertility, and the general population. "
3.	Estrogens (Estrogen)FDA Link 08/01/2023 - "The low estrogen levels after natural or premature menopause increased the risk for several diseases, resulting in increased mortality risk. " 01/01/2022 - "This may be partially caused by the cardiovascular effects of estrogen and sex-specific risk factors (eg, adverse pregnancy outcomes, premature menopause). " 01/01/2013 - "The fact that this woman could respond consistently to hMG 20 years after the diagnosis of premature menopause, it is clear that initially the etiology of the extremely high LH and FSH levels in an estrogen-deficient 18-year-old was the presence of gonadotropinoma secreting inert LH and FSH. " 08/20/2009 - "Also if premature menopause could be predicted in young women, strategies could be instigated to reduce the long term health risks of early estrogen deficiency. " 08/01/2005 - "However, due to either their treatment or prolonged survival, many of these women now have to face the consequences of premature menopause and prolonged estrogen deprivation. "
4.	Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2007 - "Since then, high-dose intravenous cyclophosphamide has been shown to have no impact on survival, to be less effective in black patients and to have many side-effects, particularly an unacceptable risk of premature menopause. " 01/01/2021 - "There were 258 women treated with cyclophosphamide in whom presence of absence or premature menopause could by defined. " 04/01/1996 - "Incidence of ovarian failure in the premenopausal cyclophosphamide treated group was 54% and the incidence of premature menopause (occurring before age 40 years) was 41%. " 01/01/2016 - "Transient amenorrhea was seen in one-third and premature menopause was seen in one-sixth of SLE with cyclophosphamide exposure." 01/01/2016 - "There was a higher occurrence of transient amenorrhea (10/34 versus 2/50, p <0.001) and premature menopause (6/34 versus 1/50 p < 0.02) in patients treated with cyclophosphamide as compared to those who had not received it. "
5.	Hormones (Hormone)IBA 08/01/2022 - "Surgical menopause, premature menopause and those on hormone replacement were excluded. " 01/01/2022 - "The ontology was then grouped into the following categories based on subject matter: general, premature menopause, hormones, sexual function, and genital disorders. " 01/01/2016 - "Anamnestic data obtained from population-based biobank lacked clinical, biological (hormone levels) or ultrasonographical data, and spontaneous POF was predicted retrospectively by excluding known extraovarian causes for premature menopause. " 12/01/2014 - "To determine whether premature menopause (≤40 years) can have long-lasting effects on later-life cognition and investigate whether this association varies depending on the type of menopause and use of hormone treatment (HT). " 05/01/2011 - "[Diagnosis of premature menopause measuring circulating anti-Müllerian hormone]."
6.	LipidsIBA 09/01/2008 - "Premature ovarian failure (POF) or premature menopause allows us to study the effect of cessation of ovarian function on the lipid profile independent of effects of advanced chronological age. " 08/01/1992 - "Premature menopause is associated with adverse lipid changes and an increased risk of coronary heart disease. " 12/30/2002 - "Such findings are exciting in that a better understanding of the crime--how radiation and chemotherapy kill off this irreplaceable population of innocent cells in the ovaries--may finally allow for the development of novel lipid-based strategies to combat infertility and premature menopause in female cancer patients." 10/01/2021 - "Family history of premature ASCVD, premature menopause, metabolic syndrome, chronic kidney disease, lipid and inflammatory biomarkers, and low ankle-brachial index. " 08/29/2011 - "Therefore studies designed to elucidate the mechanistic pathways in ceramide induced granulosa cell (GC) apoptosis and follicular atresia may potentially lead to the development of novel lipid-based therapeutic strategies that will prevent infertility and premature menopause associated with chemo and/or radiation therapy in female cancer patients. "
7.	Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type II ReceptorIBA 12/01/2014 - "Association study of TGFBR2 and miR-518 gene polymorphisms with age at natural menopause, premature ovarian failure and early menopause among Chinese Han women." 10/01/2014 - "Association study of TGFBR2 and miR-518 gene polymorphisms with age at natural menopause, premature ovarian failure, and early menopause among Chinese Han women."
8.	Estradiol (Delestrogen)FDA LinkGeneric 10/01/2017 - "The aim of this study was to examine the histological parameters of pituitary mammotrophs and prolactin secretion after chronic estradiol treatment in ovariectomized adult female rats, reflecting premature menopause. " 04/01/1998 - "Although luteinizing hormone pulse amplitudes were greater in the women with premature menopause in the absence of estradiol (p=0.0028) compared with those in older postmenopausal women, pulse amplitudes became similar in the presence of estradiol. " 09/01/1990 - "Eighteen women with a premature menopause underwent assessment of serial serum oestradiol (E2) and progesterone levels and endometrial histology and function. " 07/15/1989 - "A 38-year-old nulliparous woman suffering from premature menopause was stimulated with oestradiol valerate in order to create an artificial endometrial cycle. " 11/01/1986 - "Ovulation after treatment with ethinyl-oestradiol and medroxyprogesterone acetate in a woman approaching premature menopause. "
9.	Alkylating AgentsIBA 01/01/2021 - "It is important to monitor pubertal progression as the majority of those treated with alkylating agents prior to SCT have pubertal and ovarian failure and remain at risk for premature menopause." 01/01/2008 - "As long as alkylating agents will be used for curing HL, premature menopause will remain a frequent adverse treatment effect, with various clinical implications." 07/05/2006 - "For survivors who were treated with alkylating agents plus abdominopelvic radiation, the cumulative incidence of nonsurgical premature menopause approached 30%. " 02/01/2013 - "Participants to this study have been treated for cancer from 1945 to 1985 and one can expect an increase in premature menopause incidence with more recent protocols using high-dose alkylating agents. " 07/05/2006 - "A multiple Poisson regression model showed that risk factors for nonsurgical premature menopause included attained age, exposure to increasing doses of radiation to the ovaries, increasing alkylating agent score (based on number of alkylating agents and cumulative dose), and a diagnosis of Hodgkin lymphoma. "
10.	ProlactinIBA 12/01/1976 - "Restoration of fertility in prolactin induced premature menopause : A report of an eight year case study." 07/01/1976 - "Restoration of fertility in prolactin induced premature menopause." 10/01/2017 - "The aim of this study was to examine the histological parameters of pituitary mammotrophs and prolactin secretion after chronic estradiol treatment in ovariectomized adult female rats, reflecting premature menopause. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 01/01/2021 - "Unfortunately, at present there are no reliable tools which can be applied in clinical practice to estimate the risk of premature menopause in women undergoing chemotherapy, beyond age of the patient and form of chemotherapy utilized. " 01/01/2021 - "It is thus very important that women are provided with accurate information regarding their risk of premature menopause as a consequence of proposed chemotherapy. " 01/01/2019 - "Premature menopause is a serious long-term side effect of chemotherapy. " 01/01/2017 - "We sought to define the incidence rate of premature menopause after chemotherapy and to retrospectively investigate factors related to the onset of menopause. " 06/01/2016 - "Chemotherapy may cause ovarian damage leading to premature menopause. "
2.	Therapeutics 01/01/2018 - "Childhood cancer survivors are at increased risk of therapy-related premature menopause (PM), with a cumulative incidence of 8.0%, but the contribution of genetic factors is unknown. " 01/01/2018 - "A High-risk Haplotype for Premature Menopause in Childhood Cancer Survivors Exposed to Gonadotoxic Therapy." 12/01/2014 - "While perceived understanding of HT was greater than other therapies, targeted education is needed regarding specific risks/benefits of menopausal therapies and regarding preventive health screening after premature menopause." 12/01/2014 - "Differences in understanding of menopausal therapies and health-related behavior exist among women with premature menopause of differing etiology and premenopausal women. " 12/01/2014 - "To explore symptoms, understanding of menopausal therapies, medication use and health-related behavior in women with and without premature menopause. "
3.	Radiotherapy 06/01/2019 - "Pelvic radiotherapy improves oncological outcomes; however, it is associated with ovarian irradiation and premature menopause. " 04/01/2009 - "There is a dose-dependent relationship between ovarian radiation therapy (RT) and premature menopause. " 01/01/2008 - "The influence of chemo- and radiotherapy on ovary function, the causes of premature menopause, actual possibilities of diagnosis and fertility preservation are presented." 08/01/2012 - "Chemotherapy and radiotherapy can result in ovarian failure and premature menopause. " 01/01/2008 - "Chemotherapy was associated with a 12.3-fold increased risk of premature menopause compared with radiotherapy alone. "
4.	Ovariectomy (Oophorectomy) 04/01/2023 - "The most common cause of premature menopause was bilateral oophorectomy." 05/01/2020 - "HRT uptake in women undergoing pre-menopausal oophorectomy appears low and is dependent on informed counselling, the safety of HRT and efficacy in mitigating the health sequelae of premature menopause. " 12/24/2019 - "Natural premature menopause (menopause before age 40 without oophorectomy) and surgical premature menopause (bilateral oophorectomy before age 40). " 12/19/2005 - "Bilateral oophorectomy and premature menopause." 01/01/1979 - "[Premature menopause after unilateral ovariectomy]."
5.	Tissue Transplantation 03/01/2011 - "Ovarian tissue transplantation is an experimental procedure that can be used to treat both infertility and premature menopause. " 01/01/2022 - "This study aims to investigate women with premature menopause who were diagnosed with endometriosis during laparoscopy for ovarian tissue transplantation, and to address the questions of how endometriotic lesions after cytotoxic treatment and premature menopause might be explained, whether endometriosis affects pregnancy rates, and whether there is an association between endometriosis and the original cancer. " 01/01/2022 - "Endometriosis in women undergoing ovarian tissue transplantation due to premature menopause after gonadotoxic treatment or spontaneous premature ovarian failure."