Macular Edema

Fluid accumulation in the outer layer of the MACULA LUTEA that results from intraocular or systemic insults. It may develop in a diffuse pattern where the macula appears thickened or it may acquire the characteristic petaloid appearance referred to as cystoid macular edema. Although macular edema may be associated with various underlying conditions, it is most commonly seen following intraocular surgery, venous occlusive disease, DIABETIC RETINOPATHY, and posterior segment inflammatory disease. (From Survey of Ophthalmology 2004; 49(5) 470-90)

Also Known As:

Cystoid Macular Dystrophy; Cystoid Macular Edema, Postoperative; Irvine-Gass Syndrome; Macular Dystrophy, Dominant Cystoid; Edema, Cystoid Macular; Edema, Macular; Irvine Gass Syndrome; Syndrome, Irvine-Gass; Central Retinal Edema, Cystoid; Cystoid Macular Edema; Macular Edema, Cystoid

Networked: 8109 relevant articles (1237 outcomes, 1371 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Eye Diseases: 3522
- Retinal Diseases: 3014
  - Retinal Degeneration: 4078
    - Macular Degeneration: 15480
      - Macular Edema: 8109

Related Diseases

1.	Retinal Vein Occlusion
2.	Diabetic Retinopathy (Retinopathy, Diabetic)
3.	Cataract (Cataracts)
4.	Uveitis
5.	Macular Degeneration (Age-Related Maculopathy)

Experts

1.	Bandello, Francesco: 93 articles (07/2022 - 01/2009)
2.	Noma, Hidetaka: 77 articles (06/2022 - 01/2002)
3.	Bressler, Neil M: 64 articles (12/2022 - 01/2003)
4.	Glassman, Adam R: 63 articles (01/2022 - 12/2006)
5.	Mimura, Tatsuya: 58 articles (01/2022 - 01/2002)
6.	Campochiaro, Peter A: 57 articles (01/2022 - 01/2003)
7.	Scott, Ingrid U: 55 articles (05/2022 - 04/2003)
8.	Nguyen, Quan Dong: 54 articles (10/2022 - 09/2002)
9.	Do, Diana V: 48 articles (10/2022 - 04/2005)
10.	Jampol, Lee M: 48 articles (01/2022 - 07/2007)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Macular Edema:

1.	Bevacizumab (Avastin)FDA Link 09/01/2021 - "Treatment with bevacizumab dramatically improved her macular edema and visual acuity. " 07/01/2013 - "To evaluate the efficacy of primary intra vitreal bevacizumab (IVB) injection on macular edema in diabetic patients with improvement in best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central macular thickness (CMT) on optical coherence tomography (OCT). " 01/01/2013 - "In Case 2, 2 TYE treatments combined with Avastin and Kenacort also improved her situation despite persistent macular edema with the best-corrected visual acuity further increasing to 6/7.5. " 09/01/2022 - "This macular edema resolved completely after a single 1.25 mg bevacizumab injection. " 01/01/2019 - "Following one month postintravitreal bevacizumab ( IVB) injection in right eye, marked visual improvement was noted with concomitant significant reduction in macular edema in both eyes. "
2.	Dexamethasone (Maxidex)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2021 - "To determine the impact of different baseline clinical characteristics on the improvement in best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) in patients with diabetic macular edema (DME) who underwent the intravitreal dexamethasone implant (DEX) Ozurdex®. " 01/01/2017 - "To assess the effect on best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and efficacy of the intravitreal sustained-release 0.7 mg dexamethasone implant (Ozurdex; Allergan, Irvine, CA) in patients with recalcitrant diabetic macular edema (DME). " 01/01/2016 - "The dexamethasone implant improved macular edema in refractory cases resulting in statistically significant improvements in best-corrected visual acuity and central macular thickness that remained stable to 3 months and 6 months, respectively." 12/01/2022 - "intravitreal dexamethasone implant is effective in the treatment of diabetic center-involving macular edema and was associated with significant improvements in BCVA and CMT at 2 months after injection. " 05/01/2012 - "We report on the significant improvement of central macular thickness in a case of clinically significant macular edema after dexamethasone 0.7 mg sustained-release intravitreal implant (Ozurdex®; Allergan, Inc, Irvine, CA, USA). "
3.	Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor)IBA 01/01/2015 - "The treatment of center-involving diabetic macular edema (DME) has improved because of the proven efficacy of drugs that inhibit the effects of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). " 04/01/2010 - "The introduction of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) drugs for CRVO in 2005 demonstrated marked improvement in visual acuity, macular edema and ocular neovascularization. " 06/01/2009 - "The vitreous levels of VEGF were significantly higher in patients who showed greater improvement in the severity of macular edema (r = 0.4277, P = 0.0116). " 06/01/2009 - "There was a significant positive correlation between the vitreous levels of VEGF and improved level of the severity of macular edema. " 01/01/2022 - "Delayed AR time was associated with a better visual outcome and macular edema improvement in CRVO after anti-VEGF treatment regardless of initial BCVA and age. "
4.	Ranibizumab (Lucentis)FDA Link 01/01/2017 - "Intravitreal ranibizumab (RBZ) has been shown in multiple randomized clinical trials to be a valuable treatment for diabetic macular edema (DME), promoting a significant improvement in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and in anatomic outcomes. " 01/01/2021 - "Intravitreal ranibizumab for diabetic macular edema was effective in a real-world clinical setting, with most eyes gaining or maintaining vision. " 01/01/2015 - "Ranibizumab IVI in addition to IH proved to be highly effective in increasing visual acuity and reducing macular edema secondary to CRVO. " 12/01/2019 - "The rates of clinically significant DR improvement with ranibizumab could be twice that in the subgroup of patients with moderately severe or severe nonproliferative DR and macular edema. " 04/01/2016 - "We observed that ranibizumab significantly improved visual acuity after 3 and 6 months from the beginning of the treatment, which was a consequence of reduced macular edema and vascular leakage. "
5.	Triamcinolone Acetonide (Azmacort)FDA LinkGeneric 07/01/2004 - "This information may be helpful in determining the optimal dosage of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide for the treatment of diffuse diabetic macular edema." 05/01/2008 - ": To determine safety and efficacy of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide (IVTA) for refractory clinically significant diabetic macular edema (DME). " 05/01/2005 - "A single injection of 4 mg of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide effectively reduces the foveal thickness in diabetic macular edema and improves visual acuity, but there does not appear to be a strong correlation between the reduction of foveal thickness and the improvement in visual acuity." 03/01/2010 - "Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide showed to be effective for improving visual acuity in patients with diabetic macular edema, in the first three months of treatment. " 08/01/2005 - "Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide is an effective treatment for serous macular detachment in patients with diabetic macular edema."
6.	afliberceptIBA 07/01/2021 - "Switching eyes with persistent macular edema due to RVO to aflibercept resulted in significant improvement in visual function and patient satisfaction." 01/01/2016 - "In this small prospective study, intravitreal ziv-aflibercept significantly improved mean CMT in eyes with persistent or recurrent macular edema due to RVOs. " 06/01/2020 - "In this study, it was observed that the efficacy of aflibercept treatment was found to be more effective in younger patients in treatment-naive diabetic macular edema patients." 12/01/2018 - "Intravitreal aflibercept may be effective for the treatment of pseudophakic cystoid macular edema." 01/01/2017 - "This analysis of integrated data from COPERNICUS and GALILEO confirmed that intravitreal aflibercept is an effective treatment for macular edema following CRVO."
7.	Retinaldehyde (Retinal)IBA 01/01/2005 - "The main outcome measures included best-corrected visual acuity, intraocular pressure, and macular edema map values of Heidelberg Retinal Tomograph II. In Group 1, mean visual acuity improved significantly from a mean logMAR (logarithm of minimal angle of resolution) value of 0.98+/-0.19 at baseline to a maximum of 0.24+/-0.24 during a mean follow-up time of 6.3 months. " 09/01/2022 - "Follow up examination and imaging revealed gradual improvement in visual acuity, almost complete resolution of fundus exam abnormalities, improvement in macular nonperfusion, resolution of disc leakage and choroidal leakage, resolution of macular edema, and residual outer retinal hyperreflective foci in both eyes. " 02/01/2021 - "At final observation, median baseline central retinal thickness significantly improved from baseline 538 to 290 μm (p < 0.001) and complete macular edema resolution was achieved in 51.0% of patients (56.3% and 42.5% in BRVO and CRVO patients, respectively). " 05/01/2015 - "The central retinal thickness was evaluated by optical coherence tomography and improved from 310 to 233 μm, with the resolution of both the associated serous detachments and the cystoid macular edema; an almost complete reabsorption of the hard exudates at the end of the treatment was also observed. " 10/01/2020 - "Mean central retinal thickness and proportion of patients with subclinical macular edema increased significantly, with spontaneous resolution in half of them. "
8.	Triamcinolone (Aristocort)FDA Link 09/01/2007 - "Best-corrected visual acuity was found improved in patients with diabetic macular edema 5 months after triamcinolone injection. " 07/01/2008 - "By multivariate analysis, eyes treated with periocular triamcinolone had a significant reduction in the risk of radiation-induced macular edema (P = 0.002; hazard estimate = 0.49; 95% confidence interval, 0.17- 0.80). " 09/01/2004 - "To investigate the efficacy of intravitreal triamcinolone (IVT) by evaluation of pattern electroretinogram (PERG) in diabetic patients with clinically significant macular edema (CSME). " 09/01/2009 - "Intravitreal triamcinolone is superior to observation for treating vision loss associated with macular edema secondary to CRVO in patients who have characteristics similar to those in the SCORE-CRVO trial. " 02/01/2013 - "To evaluate the efficacy of intravitreal triamcinolone (IVTA) in eyes with clinically definite diabetic macular edema (DME) by using the parameters visual acuity (VA), central macular thickness (CMT) and macular hydration (MH). "
9.	SteroidsIBA 05/01/2007 - "IVTA steroid injection may provide a significant improvement in macular edema, but injection-related complications may occur such as this uncommon macular reaction resulting in permanent visual loss." 10/31/2022 - "No data were available for the following outcomes: proportion of participants achieving a 2-line improvement in visual acuity, with confirmed macular edema, or achieving steroid-sparing control. " 01/01/2018 - "CME eyes responded well to steroids, with resolving macular edema (458.4±151.9 vs. 322.0±92.0 µm, P<0.01) and improving visual acuity (0.73±0.48 vs. 0.56±0.56 logarithm of minimum angle of resolution, P<0.01). " 03/01/2010 - "In this case report we evaluated the efficacy of steroid sub-Tenon injection treatment in chronic macular edema. " 11/27/2009 - "The macular edema responded well to parabulbar and topical steroids and vision recovered completely within 2 weeks. "
10.	Fluorescein (Funduscein)FDA LinkGeneric 12/01/2004 - "Fluorescein angiography showed marked improvement of macular edema in 4 eyes (21.0%), mild improvement in 10 eyes (52.6%) and no change in 5 eyes (26.3%); no patient had worsening of macular edema. " 11/01/2015 - "Fluorescein angiography leakage was associated with a greater likelihood of improvement in macular edema." 09/01/1983 - "Fluorescein angiographic findings varied considerably with some patients showing an improvement with continued cystoid macular edema. " 01/01/2014 - "After surgery, the BCVA gradually improved from 20/100 to 20/20 at 19 months in Case 1 and from 20/50 to 20/13 at 13 months in Case 2. Fluorescein angiography (FA) showed leakage at the late phase, and OCT showed that the cystoid macular edema was resolved and the fovea was considerably thinner postoperatively. " 09/01/2013 - "Safety and efficacy of oral fluorescein angiography in detecting macular edema in comparison with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Lasers (Laser) 03/01/2000 - "Macular edema disappeared or was dramatically reduced in all cases after laser treatment. " 03/01/2008 - "IVTA injection produced a significant reduction of macular edema in eyes with BRVO either with or without prior grid laser treatment. " 09/01/2001 - "Efficacy of various laser wavelengths in the treatment of clinically significant macular edema in diabetics." 01/01/2023 - "Subthreshold micropulse laser resulted in early visual recovery and sustained macular thickness improvement in the treatment of diabetic macular edema. " 01/01/1991 - "At 6 months after PRP without focal macular laser treatment, macular edema was reduced in 13 eyes, 8 of which improved by greater than or equal to 2 lines of vision. "
2.	Light Coagulation 06/01/2011 - "With clinically significant macular edema (CSME) that is either away from the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) or diffuse, the most common first-line treatment option was macular photocoagulation 48 (78.8%) and 33 (54.1%), respectively. " 10/01/1995 - "To evaluate the efficacy of macular grid photocoagulation in preserving or improving central visual acuity in eyes with macular edema due to central vein occlusion (CVO) and best-corrected visual acuity of 20/50 or poorer. " 05/01/1984 - "The most promising treatment for diabetic macular edema has been photocoagulation. " 12/01/2002 - "Despite the results of clinical trials showing the efficacy of panretinal and focal photocoagulation of proliferative retinopathy with high-risk characteristics for severe visual loss and for clinically significant macular edema, retinopathy remains an important cause of visual loss. " 09/01/1993 - "Photocoagulation in the macular area has proven to be effective in the treatment of exudate rings and cystoid macular edema. "
3.	Therapeutics 01/01/2011 - "Cystoid macular edema developed four weeks after surgery despite no apparent risk factors, and resolved completely after anti-inflammatory medical therapy. " 06/01/2009 - "After therapy, all patients showed improved visual acuity due to complete resorption of subretinal fluid and macular edema. " 01/01/2023 - "The patient underwent antiangiogenic therapy with significant improvement of macular edema and reduction of the cystoid space after 3 months. " 01/01/2019 - "Pooled evidence suggests that both IVC and IVR are effective in the therapy of diabetic macular edema and affirms that IVC presents superiority over IVR therapy in regard of CMT in patients with diabetic macular edema, but no statistically significant difference with regard to visual improvement. " 05/01/1992 - "Initial angiographic cystoid macular edema was comparable and significantly improved after therapy in the two treatment groups. "
4.	Intravitreal Injections 12/01/2021 - "The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and preliminary efficacy of a single intravitreal injection of 3 dose levels of THR-149 in adults with center-involved diabetic macular edema (DME). " 06/01/2023 - "The study was conducted to compare the compliance to intravitreal injection treatment and follow-up in patients with center-involving diabetic macular edema (CI-DME) and treatment outcomes between a tertiary eye care facility and a tertiary diabetes care center. " 11/01/2020 - "Current role of intravitreal injections in Irvine Gass syndrome-CRIIG study." 01/01/2019 - "In this retrospective study, one eye each of 43 patients who were treated with intravitreal injections for macular edema secondary to BRVO was recruited into one of the study groups: RAN group (n=17), DEX group (n=16) and IVTA group (n=10). " 07/01/2017 - "As in many other studies our data also underline the necessity for intravitreal injections for treatment of macular edema. "
5.	Injections 10/01/2011 - "Two of the three patients demonstrated a significant improvement in visual acuity and a reduction in macular edema in both eyes after three monthly injections to the study eye. " 01/01/2018 - "Treatment with the IDI injections resulted in significant short-term improvement in CFT and BCVA values in patients with clinically significant RVO-related macular edema. " 07/01/2010 - "IVTA and IVB injections were similarly effective for improving visual acuity in patients with macular edema secondary to BRVO. " 01/01/2020 - "At the final visit, 22 (81.5%) showed improved VA, 19 (70.4%) had resolved macular edema, and the CCT had gradually become thinner with additional drug injections in all the patients. " 01/01/2014 - "His macular edema and vision have improved with these injections. "